Microsoft SQL Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

According to the CVSS metric, the attack vector is network (AV:N) and the attack complexity is low (AC:L). What does that mean for this vulnerability?
The attack vector is Network (AV:N) because this vulnerability is remotely exploitable and can be exploited from the internet. The attack complexity is Low (AC:L) because an attacker does not require significant prior knowledge of the system and can achieve repeatable success with the payload against the vulnerable component.

How could an attacker exploit this vulnerability?
An authenticated attacker with explicit permissions could exploit the vulnerability by logging in to the SQL server and could then elevate their privileges to sysadmin.

According to the CVSS metric, the attack complexity is high (AC:H). What does this mean for this vulnerability?
An attacker would need specific conditions to be in place (i.e. particular protocol settings, or configurations, etc.) before an attack could succeed, which reduces the likelihood of widespread or opportunistic exploitation.

How could an attacker exploit this vulnerability?
An authenticated attacker could exploit this vulnerability by connecting to an affected SQL Server and submitting a specially crafted query or request that triggers a memory corruption condition, allowing the attacker to execute code on the server. Authentication is required; user interaction is not required.

Security updates
15.0.2190.7 — https://support.microsoft.com/help/5122773
16.0.1200.5 — https://support.microsoft.com/help/5122771
17.0.1135.8 — https://support.microsoft.com/help/5122770
15.0.4490.9 — https://support.microsoft.com/help/5122772
17.0.4085.5 — https://support.microsoft.com/help/5122769
16.0.4275.2 — https://support.microsoft.com/help/5122768