Weakness (CWE)
CWE-116: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
How to prevent it (7 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
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Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
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Architecture and Design
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
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Architecture and Design
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
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Requirements
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
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Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Source: MITRE CWE-116
150 results · Clear filters · Feed
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High 7.8
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 Code Injection via API deployment generator
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 fails to safely encode deployment configuration values when generating Python source code for API servers. Attackers can inject arbitrary Python expressions through the deploy.api.host and agents_file configuration parameters that exec…
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High 7.5
luci-app-banip Log Monitor IP Extraction Bypass
luci-app-banip contains a log parsing vulnerability where the awk-based parser extracts the first IPv4 address from log lines regardless of field position, allowing attackers to inject arbitrary IPs via attacker-controlled fields like usernames. An unauthenti…
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High 7.5
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 Prompt Injection Defense Bypass
PraisonAI versions before 4.6.78 contain a prompt injection defense misconfiguration where the block threshold defaults to CRITICAL severity, allowing HIGH-level threats to pass through unblocked. Attackers can submit single-vector prompt injection attacks su…
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High 7.7
Grist: XSS through unsafe value interpolation in server-rendered pages
Grist is spreadsheet software using Python as its formula language. Prior to 1.7.15, several server-rendered Grist pages embedded user-controlled values into the page and into inline scripts without fully escaping them, allowing cross-site scripting. On the m…
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High 8.6
SiYuan: Stored XSS to RCE in SiYuan via a per-attribute URL-scheme sanitizer gap in Lute (form action / SVG xlink:href)
SiYuan is an open-source personal knowledge management system. Prior to 3.7.1, SiYuan renders note and package content to HTML through the Lute engine with sanitization enabled, but Lute's dangerous javascript scheme block does not check form action or SVG xl…
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High 8.0
Improper Output Neutralization for Logs in Kibana Leading to Log Injection
Improper Output Neutralization for Logs (CWE-117) in Kibana can lead to log injection via Log Injection-Tampering-Forging (CAPEC-93). An attacker can supply specially crafted input that is written to log files without proper neutralization. When the log files…
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High 7.7
Warp: OS command injection when opening terminal links from WSL
Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2024.03.12.08.02.stable_01 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the WSL URL-opening fallback. When Warp is running under WSL and cannot open a URL through…
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High 7.6
Open WebUI: Stored XSS to Account Takeover via Model Profile Images in Open WebUI
Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Prior to 0.9.6, Open WebUI patched SVG XSS in user profile images and webhook profile images but forgot to apply the same fix to model profile images. The Model…
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High 8.1
ImageMagick - Command Injection via SVG Decoder
ImageMagick before 7.1.2-15 and 6.9.13-40 contains a command injection vulnerability in the SVG decoder that allows attackers to inject arbitrary MVG drawing commands. Attackers can craft malicious SVG files with injected Magick Vector Graphics commands that …
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High 8.8
pgAdmin 4: SQL injection in COMMENT ON ... IS '<description>' rendering across dialog templates
SQL injection in pgAdmin 4 across every dialog template that renders ``COMMENT ON ... IS '<description>'`` for a user-supplied description field. The Jinja templates for Domains (and their constraints), Foreign Tables, Languages, and Event Triggers, plus the …
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High 7.3
Apostrophe has stored XSS via javascript: URL in Image Widget Link
ApostropheCMS is an open-source Node.js content management system. Version 4.29.0 has a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in the image widget functionality. A user with the Editor role can configure an image widget link to use a javascript: URL payloa…
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High 8.8
Quest Bot: Reminder messages allow stored mass mentions through `@everyone` and `@here`
Quest Bot is an opensource modern Discord Bot built for moderation, utilities and support. Prior to version 1.0.3, a normal user can create a reminder whose message contains @everyone or @here. When the reminder triggers, the bot sends the stored message back…
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High 7.6
Xibo Vulnerable to Stored XSS and Iframe Sandbox Escape via Data Connector Script in DataSet
Xibo is an open source digital signage platform with a web content management system and Windows display player software. Prior to 4.4.2, a vulnerability chain consisting of Stored XSS and Iframe Sandbox escape in the Xibo CMS allows users with DataSet permis…
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High 7.8
A YAML injection vulnerability exists in the Windows.Collectors.Remapping artifact of Rapid7 Velociraptor before versio…
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High 7.8
Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Controller Authenticated Privilege Escalation Vulnerability
A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Controller, formerly SD-WAN vSmart, Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager, formerly SD-WAN vManage, and Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Validator, formerly SD-WAN vBond, could allow an authenticated, local attacker to execute…
KEV Jun 9, 2026 -
High 8.4
GLPI has stored XSS in asset locks
GLPI is a free asset and IT management software package. Starting in version 10.0.4 and prior to version 10.0.25, a technician can store an XSS payload in the asset locked tab. Upgrade to 10.0.25 or 11.0.7 to receive a patch.
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High 7.1
Reflected XSS in authenticated agent context
An improper neutralization of user-controllable input in OTRS or ((OTRS)) Community Edition ticket handling allows authenticated attackers to perform reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via crafted request parameters associated with ticket actions. B…
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High 8.8
pam_usb: Command injection via $TMUX environment variable leads to RCE as root
pam_usb provides hardware authentication for Linux using ordinary removable media. Prior to 0.8.7, src/tmux.c reads the user's $TMUX environment variable, splits it on commas, and interpolates the socket-path component directly into a shell command passed to …
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High 8.1
YAF.NET: Unauthenticated Stored Second-Order XSS in Admin Event Log via Reflected `User-Agent` Header
YetAnotherForum.NET (YAF.NET) is a C# ASP.NET forum. Prior to 4.0.5 and 3.2.12, the application's database logger (YAFNET.Core/Logger/DbLogger.cs) captures the incoming request's User-Agent header into a JObject, serializes it with JsonConvert, and stores the…
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High 7.3
YAF.NET: Stored XSS in Forum Thread Posts/Replies Allowing Arbitrary JavaScript Execution for All Thread Viewers
YetAnotherForum.NET (YAF.NET) is a C# ASP.NET forum. Prior to 4.0.5 and 3.2.12, the thread posting and reply feature accepts user-supplied content via a a post or reply that is stored server-side and later rendered back into the thread page without adequate H…
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High 8.1
The issue was addressed with improved input validation. This issue is fixed in Safari 26.5, iOS 18.7.9 and iPadOS 18.7.…
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High 7.2
mailcow: dockerized vulnerable to Second Order SQL Injection in quarantine category via API
mailcow: dockerized is an open source groupware/email suite based on docker. Versions prior to 2026-03b have a second-order SQL injection vulnerability in the quarantine_category field via the Mailcow API. The /api/v1/add/mailbox endpoint stores quarantine_ca…
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High 8.5
FreeScout Vulnerable to XSS via Mailbox Signature Due to Incomplete HTML Sanitization
FreeScout is a free self-hosted help desk and shared mailbox. Versions prior to 1.8.213 have a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the mailbox signature feature. The sanitization function `Helper::stripDangerousTags()` (`app/Misc/Helper.php:568…
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High 8.8
Emissary has an OS Command Injection via Unvalidated IN_FILE_ENDING / OUT_FILE_ENDING in Executrix
Emissary is a P2P based data-driven workflow engine. In versions 8.42.0 and below, Executrix.getCommand() is vulnerable to OS command injection because it interpolates temporary file paths into a /bin/sh -c shell command string without any escaping or input v…
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High 8.7
ApostropheCMS: Stored XSS in SEO Fields Leads to Authenticated API Data Exposure in ApostropheCMS
ApostropheCMS is an open-source Node.js content management system. Versions 4.28.0 and prior contain a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in SEO-related fields (SEO Title and Meta Description), where user-controlled input is rendered without proper out…
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High 7.5
Apache Tomcat: Incomplete escaping of JSON access logs
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in the JsonAccessLogValve component of Apache Tomcat. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.20, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.53, from 9.0.40 through 9.0.116. Users are recommended to…
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High 7.6
ChurchCRM has Stored XSS in PersonView.php via Facebook Field Attribute Injection
ChurchCRM is an open-source church management system. Prior to 7.1.0, a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability exists in PersonView.php due to incorrect use of sanitizeText() as an output sanitizer for HTML attribute context. The function only strips HTML …
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High 7.5
GLPI has an Unauthenticated Stored XSS via inventory
GLPI is a free asset and IT management software package. From 11.0.0 to before 11.0.6, an unauthenticated user can store an XSS payload through the inventory endpoint. This vulnerability is fixed in 11.0.6.
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High 7.2
GLPI has Stored XSS in Supplier 'Website' field
GLPI is a Free Asset and IT Management Software package. From 0.60 to before 10.0.24, an authenticated technician user can store an XSS payload in a supplier fields. This vulnerability is fixed in 10.0.24.
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High —
AWS SDK for .NET: Improper escaping of special characters in CloudFront policy document construction
### Summary This notification is related to the CloudFront signing utilities in the AWS SDK for .NET, which are used to generate Amazon CloudFront signed URLs and signed cookies. A defense-in-depth enhancement has been implemented to improve handling of speci…
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High 8.3
Handlebars.js has JavaScript Injection in CLI Precompiler via Unescaped Names and Options
Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, the Handlebars CLI precompiler (`bin/handlebars` / `lib/precompiler.js`) concatenates user-controlled strings — template file names and several CLI…
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High —
AWS SDK for Java 2.0: Improper Handling of Special Characters in CloudFront Signing Utilities
### Summary This notification is related to the [CloudFront signing utilities](https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-java-v2/blob/master/services/cloudfront/src/main/java/software/amazon/awssdk/services/cloudfront/CloudFrontUtilities.java) in the AWS SDK for Java v2…
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High 8.2
Heimdall: Path received via Envoy gRPC corrupted when containing query string
Heimdall is a cloud native Identity Aware Proxy and Access Control Decision service. When using Heimdall in envoy gRPC decision API mode with versions 0.7.0-alpha through 0.17.10, wrong encoding of the query URL string allows rules with non-wildcard path expr…
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High 7.1
OpenEMR has arbitrary image file read via PDF generator
OpenEMR is a free and open source electronic health records and medical practice management application. Prior to 8.0.0.2, users with the `Notes - my encounters` role can fill Eye Exam forms in patient encounters. The answers to the form can be printed out in…
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High 7.1
OpenClaw < 2026.2.19 - Local Command Injection via Unsafe cmd Argument Handling in Windows Scheduled Task Script Generation
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.19 contain a local command injection vulnerability in Windows scheduled task script generation due to unsafe handling of cmd metacharacters and expansion-sensitive characters in gateway.cmd files. Local attackers with control…
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High 8.1
jsPDF has a PDF Object Injection via FreeText color
jsPDF is a library to generate PDFs in JavaScript. Prior to version 4.2.1, user control of arguments of the `createAnnotation` method allows users to inject arbitrary PDF objects, such as JavaScript actions. If given the possibility to pass unsanitized input …
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High 8.6CVE-2025-66024 Public exploit
XWiki Blog Application home page vulnerable to Stored XSS via Post Title
The XWiki blog application allows users of the XWiki platform to create and manage blog posts. Versions starting with 9.15 and prior to 9.15.7 are vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) via the Blog Post Title. The vulnerability arises because the po…
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High 8.0
Sub2API Vulnerable to Password Reset Poisoning via Host Header Trust Issue, Leading to Account Takeover
Sub2API is an AI API gateway platform designed to distribute and manage API quotas from AI product subscriptions. A vulnerability in versions prior to 0.1.85 is a Password Reset Poisoning (Host Header / Forwarded Header trust issue), which allows attackers to…
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High 8.9
OpenSift: Persistent XSS Chat Tool Rendering
OpenSift is an AI study tool that sifts through large datasets using semantic search and generative AI. Versions 1.1.2-alpha and below render untrusted user/model content in chat tool UI surfaces using unsafe HTML interpolation patterns, leading to XSS. Store…
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High 7.6
Fabric.js Affected by Stored XSS via SVG Export
Fabric.js is a Javascript HTML5 canvas library. Prior to version 7.2.0, Fabric.js applies `escapeXml()` to text content during SVG export (`src/shapes/Text/TextSVGExportMixin.ts:186`) but fails to apply it to other user-controlled string values that are inter…