Weakness (CWE)
CWE-116: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
How to prevent it (7 mitigations)
-
Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
-
Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
-
Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
-
Architecture and Design
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
-
Architecture and Design
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
-
Requirements
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
-
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Source: MITRE CWE-116
502 results · Feed
-
Low 3.7
rama has Stored XSS in ServeDir HTML directory listing via unescaped file names and URI path
Resolved: https://github.com/plabayo/rama/commit/89ddff578fd78bbebec99482d7030f28c07757a3 ## Summary `plabayo/rama` contains a stored/reflected cross-site scripting issue in the `ServeDir` HTML directory listing feature. When `ServeDir` is configured with `Di…
-
Low 2.1
Email-derived URL path injection in the Swoosh Microsoft Graph adapter
URL path injection in the Microsoft Graph adapter of Swoosh. Swoosh.Adapters.MsGraph builds its Microsoft Graph API request URL by interpolating the sender's email address into the URL path (/users/{from}/sendMail) without percent-encoding or validation. In a…
-
High 8.0
Improper Output Neutralization for Logs in Kibana Leading to Log Injection
Improper Output Neutralization for Logs (CWE-117) in Kibana can lead to log injection via Log Injection-Tampering-Forging (CAPEC-93). An attacker can supply specially crafted input that is written to log files without proper neutralization. When the log files…
-
Low 2.3
Dragonfly: RESP Protocol Injection via Lua redis.error_reply() in EvalSerializer
Dragonfly is an in-memory data store built for modern application workloads. Prior to 1.39.9, Dragonfly has a RESP Protocol Injection via Lua redis.error_reply() in EvalSerializer. An authenticated user can inject arbitrary RESP messages into the connection's…
-
Medium 5.3
SwiftNIO HTTP/2: HTTP/2-to-HTTP/1 Request Smuggling via unvalidated :path pseudo-header in HTTP2ToHTTP1Codec
swift-nio-http2's HTTP/2-to-HTTP/1.1 codec did not validate pseudo-header values for control characters before placing them into the translated HTTP/1.1 message. swift-nio-http2 1.44.1 adds validation of all pseudo-header values (:path, :authority, :scheme, :…
-
Low 3.7
Prometheus denial of service via crafted DNS queries
An attacker sending a large number of crafted DNS queries might be able to trigger a dynamic block being inserted with a value causing invalid output to be produced in the prometheus endpoint. The prometheus endpoint will then be rejected by the scraper until…
-
Critical 9.0
SiYuan: Stored XSS results to Electron RCE in SiYuan marketplace via unescaped `data-obj` attribute (Bypass for CVE-2026-45375's patch)
SiYuan is an open-source personal knowledge management system. Prior to 3.7.0, it does not escape the untrusted fields (name, version, author, description) when they are serialized into the data-obj HTML attribute of each marketplace card. Because the attribu…
-
High 7.7
Warp: OS command injection when opening terminal links from WSL
Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2024.03.12.08.02.stable_01 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the WSL URL-opening fallback. When Warp is running under WSL and cannot open a URL through…
-
Medium 4.2
Caddy: stripHTML template function bypass
Caddy is an extensible server platform that uses TLS by default. Prior to 2.11.4, Caddy’s stripHTML template function cannot reliably remove all HTML tags from input strings. Certain malformed HTML, such as <<>img src=x onerror=alert()>, can bypass the tag-st…
-
High 7.6
Open WebUI: Stored XSS to Account Takeover via Model Profile Images in Open WebUI
Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Prior to 0.9.6, Open WebUI patched SVG XSS in user profile images and webhook profile images but forgot to apply the same fix to model profile images. The Model…
-
High 8.1
ImageMagick - Command Injection via SVG Decoder
ImageMagick before 7.1.2-15 and 6.9.13-40 contains a command injection vulnerability in the SVG decoder that allows attackers to inject arbitrary MVG drawing commands. Attackers can craft malicious SVG files with injected Magick Vector Graphics commands that …
-
Medium 5.4
Fabric.js: Improper escaping in fabric.Gradient colorStops leads to XSS in SVG serialization
Fabric.js is a Javascript HTML5 canvas library. Prior to 7.4.0, a potential Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in Fabric.js due to improper escaping of user-controlled input during SVG serialization via the toSVG() method. Specifically, the color…
-
Medium 5.3
Hono: AWS Lambda adapter merges multiple `Set-Cookie` headers into one value, dropping cookies on ALB single-header and Lattice
Hono is a Web application framework that provides support for any JavaScript runtime. Prior to 4.12.25, on AWS Lambda, the ALB single-header response and the VPC Lattice v2 response join multiple Set-Cookie headers into one comma-separated value. Because comm…
-
Medium 5.2
Apache NiFi: Improper Escaping of Table Names in CaptureChangeMySQL
Improper escaping of database table names in the CaptureChangeMySQL Processor included with Apache NiFi 1.2.0 through 2.9.0 allows for injecting SQL commands using crafted naming. Manual quoted boundaries added in Apache NiFi 1.8.0 narrowed the scope of poten…
-
Critical 9.3
pgAdmin 4: Stored XSS via untrusted error and plan-node text rendered through html-react-parser
Stored cross-site scripting in pgAdmin 4's error-rendering and plan-node-rendering paths. Text returned by a PostgreSQL server (ErrorResponse messages, including object names quoted back inside relation-does-not-exist errors and inside EXPLAIN Recheck Cond / …
-
Low 3.5
pgAdmin 4: HTML injection in cloud verify_credentials / deploy endpoints via unsanitised SDK exception text
HTML injection in pgAdmin 4's cloud deployment module. The verify_credentials, deploy, regions, and update-server endpoints under /rds/, /azure/, /google/, and the top-level /cloud/ blueprint propagated AWS / Azure / Google SDK exception text — and the relate…
-
High 8.8
pgAdmin 4: SQL injection in COMMENT ON ... IS '<description>' rendering across dialog templates
SQL injection in pgAdmin 4 across every dialog template that renders ``COMMENT ON ... IS '<description>'`` for a user-supplied description field. The Jinja templates for Domains (and their constraints), Foreign Tables, Languages, and Event Triggers, plus the …
-
Medium 4.2
Laravel Framework: Temporary Signed URL Path Confusion
A vulnerability in Laravel's local filesystem driver allows temporary signed URLs to be parsed ambiguously, potentially misrouting requests and bypassing expiration enforcement. Under certain conditions, a generated temporary signed URL can be interpreted dif…
-
Medium 4.7
CarrierWave has a denylisted_content_type bypass via Unescaped Regex Metacharacters
CarrierWave is a framework to upload files from Ruby applications. In versions prior to 2.2.7 and 3.1.3, the content_type_denylist check fails to escape regex metacharacters in string entries, causing the denylist to silently not match the content types it is…
-
High 7.3
Apostrophe has stored XSS via javascript: URL in Image Widget Link
ApostropheCMS is an open-source Node.js content management system. Version 4.29.0 has a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in the image widget functionality. A user with the Editor role can configure an image widget link to use a javascript: URL payloa…
-
Medium —
Firefly II has Stored XSS in Audit Log Entry view via piggy bank name (ale.twig)
## Summary The Twig template `resources/views/list/ale.twig` renders the piggy bank name from `AuditLogEntry.after.piggy` using the `|raw` filter, bypassing Twig's auto-escaping. A piggy bank created with an HTML payload in its name executes arbitrary JavaScr…
-
Critical 9.8
jmespath.php has CompilerRuntime code injection via unescaped function names
jmespath.php allows users to use JMESPath, software for declaratively specifying how to extract elements from a JSON document, in PHP applications with PHP data structures. Versions prior to 2.9.1 can generate and execute attacker-controlled PHP code when `Jm…
-
Low 2.1
Quest Bot: Stored warn reasons can still trigger bot-powered mass mentions through `/warns`.
Quest Bot is an opensource Discord Bot. Prior to version 1.1.6, the latest release suppresses mentions when creating, unbanning, unwarning, kicking, muting, and unmuting, but stored warning reasons are still printed by /warns without mention suppression. A mo…
-
Low 2.3
Quest Bot: Unban and unwarn reason fields still allow bot-powered mass mentions.
Quest Bot is an opensource modern Discord Bot built for moderation, utilities and support. Prior to version 1.0.5, the latest release suppresses mentions in several moderation commands, but /unban and /unwarn still echo user-controlled reason text in public b…
-
Low 2.3
Quest Bot: Moderation reason fields allow bot-powered `@everyone` / `@here` pings
Quest Bot is an opensource modern Discord Bot built for moderation, utilities and support. Prior to version 1.0.4, several moderation commands echo user-controlled reason text in public bot replies without disabling mention parsing. A moderator who does not h…
-
Medium 6.3
Quest Bot: Ticket reason allows mass-mention injection
Quest Bot is an opensource modern Discord Bot built for moderation, utilities and support. Prior to version 1.0.3, a normal user can create a ticket with a reason containing @everyone, @here, user mentions, or role mentions. When the ticket is created, the bo…
-
High 8.8
Quest Bot: Reminder messages allow stored mass mentions through `@everyone` and `@here`
Quest Bot is an opensource modern Discord Bot built for moderation, utilities and support. Prior to version 1.0.3, a normal user can create a reminder whose message contains @everyone or @here. When the reminder triggers, the bot sends the stored message back…
-
High 7.6
Xibo Vulnerable to Stored XSS and Iframe Sandbox Escape via Data Connector Script in DataSet
Xibo is an open source digital signage platform with a web content management system and Windows display player software. Prior to 4.4.2, a vulnerability chain consisting of Stored XSS and Iframe Sandbox escape in the Xibo CMS allows users with DataSet permis…
-
Medium 6.9
MISP BSimVis stored cross-site scripting in tag and cluster rendering paths via unescaped tag metadata and UI labels
A stored cross-site scripting vulnerability existed in MISP BSimVis tag rendering code. Several client-side rendering paths interpolated tag names, collection names, entity identifiers, cluster names, and tag metadata directly into HTML, HTML attributes, inli…
-
Medium 5.3
FreeSWITCH includes a vulnerable function, PREFIX(prologTok)() from libexpat
FreeSWITCH is a Software Defined Telecom Stack enabling the digital transformation from proprietary telecom switches to a software implementation that runs on any commodity hardware. Prior to version 1.11.0, FreeSWITCH includes a vulnerable function, PREFIX(p…
-
High 7.8
A YAML injection vulnerability exists in the Windows.Collectors.Remapping artifact of Rapid7 Velociraptor before versio…
-
Critical 9.3
HAX CMS: Stored XSS via '<video-player>' component allows arbitrary JavaScript execution and token theft
HAX CMS helps manage microsite universe with PHP or NodeJs backends. A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in versions prior to 26.0.0 due to improper sanitization of the `<video-player>` component. The component allows `javascript:` URIs i…
-
High 7.8
Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Controller Authenticated Privilege Escalation Vulnerability
A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Controller, formerly SD-WAN vSmart, Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager, formerly SD-WAN vManage, and Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Validator, formerly SD-WAN vBond, could allow an authenticated, local attacker to execute…
KEV Jun 9, 2026 -
High 8.4
GLPI has stored XSS in asset locks
GLPI is a free asset and IT management software package. Starting in version 10.0.4 and prior to version 10.0.25, a technician can store an XSS payload in the asset locked tab. Upgrade to 10.0.25 or 11.0.7 to receive a patch.
-
Low 2.1CVE-2026-48598 Public exploit
CRLF injection in Tesla.Multipart disposition parameters allows multipart part header injection
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in elixir-tesla tesla allows multipart part header injection via unescaped Content-Disposition parameter values. Tesla.Multipart.part_headers_for_disposition/1 interpolates each disposition parameter as #{…
-
High 7.1
Reflected XSS in authenticated agent context
An improper neutralization of user-controllable input in OTRS or ((OTRS)) Community Edition ticket handling allows authenticated attackers to perform reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via crafted request parameters associated with ticket actions. B…
-
High 8.8
pam_usb: Command injection via $TMUX environment variable leads to RCE as root
pam_usb provides hardware authentication for Linux using ordinary removable media. Prior to 0.8.7, src/tmux.c reads the user's $TMUX environment variable, splits it on commas, and interpolates the socket-path component directly into a shell command passed to …
-
Low 2.3
go-git: Improper single-quote escaping in go-git SSH transport
go-git is an extensible git implementation library written in pure Go. Prior to 5.19.1 and 6.0.0-alpha.4, go-git's SSH transport constructs the remote exec command by wrapping the repository path in single quotes without escaping single quotes embedded inside…
-
Medium 5.0
GuardDog: Unsanitized human-readable scan output allows terminal escape injection from malicious package content
GuardDog is a CLI tool to identify malicious PyPI packages. From 2.6.0 to 2.9.0, GuardDog includes attacker-controlled filenames, file locations, messages, and code snippets in its default human-readable output without escaping terminal control characters. A …
-
Medium 6.5
NousResearch hermes-agent Slack Agent/Mattermost Agent escape output
A vulnerability was detected in NousResearch hermes-agent up to 2026.4.16. The affected element is an unknown function of the component Slack Agent/Mattermost Agent. The manipulation of the argument format_message results in escaping of output. The attack can…