Weakness (CWE)
CWE-89: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command
The product constructs all or part of an SQL command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended SQL command when it is sent to a downstream component. Without sufficient removal or quoting of SQL syntax in user-controllable inputs, the generated SQL query can cause those inputs to be interpreted as SQL instead of ordinary user data.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
For example, consider using persistence layers such as Hibernate or Enterprise Java Beans, which can provide significant protection against SQL injection if used properly.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Process SQL queries using prepared statements, parameterized queries, or stored procedures. These features should accept parameters or variables and support strong typing. Do not dynamically construct and execute query strings within these features using "exec" or similar functionality, since this may re-introduce the possibility of SQL injection. [REF-867]
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Specifically, follow the principle of least privilege when creating user accounts to a SQL database. The database users should only have the minimum privileges necessary to use their account. If the requirements of the system indicate that a user can read and modify their own data, then limit their privileges so they cannot read/write others' data. Use the strictest permissions possible on all database objects, such as execute-only for stored procedures.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
Instead of building a new implementation, such features may be available in the database or programming language. For example, the Oracle DBMS_ASSERT package can check or enforce that parameters have certain properties that make them less vulnerable to SQL injection. For MySQL, the mysql_real_escape_string() API function is available in both C and PHP.
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Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When constructing SQL query strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing SQL injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent SQL injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, the name "O'Reilly" would likely pass the validation step, since it is a common last name in the English language. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the database because it contains the "'" apostrophe character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the apostrophe might reduce the risk of SQL injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the wrong name would be recorded.
When feasible, it may be safest to disallow meta-characters entirely, instead of escaping them. This will provide some defense in depth. After the data is entered into the database, later processes may neglect to escape meta-characters before use, and you may not have control over those processes.
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Architecture and Design
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
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Implementation
Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
In the context of SQL Injection, error messages revealing the structure of a SQL query can help attackers tailor successful attack strings.
Source: MITRE CWE-89
6,403 results · Clear filters · Feed
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High 8.1
Omnispace Agora Project < 26.10.0 Second-Order SQL Injection via _idCategoryFilter
Omnispace Agora Project before 26.10.0 contains a second-order SQL injection vulnerability that allows authenticated attackers to inject malicious SQL via the _idCategoryFilter parameter, which is persisted into the session and later concatenated into a SQL s…
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High 8.8
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High 7.1
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High 8.8
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Improper neutralization of special elements used in an sql command ('sql injection') in Microsoft Configuration Manager allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
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High 8.0
Microsoft Configuration Manager Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Improper neutralization of special elements used in an sql command ('sql injection') in Microsoft Configuration Manager allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over an adjacent network.
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High 8.8
Microsoft Office SharePoint Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Improper neutralization of special elements used in an sql command ('sql injection') in Microsoft Office SharePoint allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
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High 7.9
An Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') vulnerability [CWE-89] vulnerab…
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High 7.7
An improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL Command ("SQL Injection") vulnerability [CWE-89] vulnerab…
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High 8.7
Frappe: Possibility of SQL injection in reportview
Frappe is a full-stack web application framework. Prior to 16.23.0, the get_count() method in reportview composes a count operation around generated SQL through a raw database execution path, allowing crafted report input to alter SQL executed by the applicat…
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High 7.3
SourceCodester Online Reviewer System index.php prepare sql injection
A vulnerability has been found in SourceCodester Online Reviewer System 1.0. Affected by this vulnerability is the function PDO::prepare of the file login/index.php. Such manipulation of the argument username/password leads to sql injection. It is possible to…
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High 7.3
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High 7.3
SourceCodester Art Gallery Management System Account Creation admin_class.php save_user sql injection
A vulnerability was detected in SourceCodester Art Gallery Management System 1.0. This impacts the function Action::save_user of the file admin/admin_class.php of the component Account Creation. The manipulation of the argument Name results in sql injection. …
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High 7.3
girishsaraf Online-Appointment-Booking-System AJAX Endpoint getclinic.php sql injection
A vulnerability was found in girishsaraf Online-Appointment-Booking-System up to f427b4757128ca253d33d0cc4e87bbb9c999a4d5. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file Admin/getclinic.php of the component AJAX Endpoint. The manipulat…
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High 7.3
girishsaraf Online-Appointment-Booking-System Admin CRUD Endpoint deleteclinic.php sql injection
A vulnerability has been found in girishsaraf Online-Appointment-Booking-System up to f427b4757128ca253d33d0cc4e87bbb9c999a4d5. Affected is an unknown function of the file Admin/deleteclinic.php of the component Admin CRUD Endpoint. The manipulation of the ar…
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High 7.3
girishsaraf Online-Appointment-Booking-System changebookingstatus.php sql injection
A vulnerability was detected in girishsaraf Online-Appointment-Booking-System up to f427b4757128ca253d33d0cc4e87bbb9c999a4d5. This affects an unknown function of the file changebookingstatus.php. Performing a manipulation of the argument dateselected results …
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High 8.7
SQL Injection in Payload CMS
A SQL injection vulnerability has been identified in Payload CMS. Improper neutralization of input provided by user into "in" and "not_in" query paramethers allows an authenticated attacker to perform SQL Injection attacks. This issue was fixed in version 3.9…
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High 7.5
A vulnerability has been identified in RUGGEDCOM CROSSBOW (All versions < V6.0). Affected devices do not properly valid…
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High 8.8
A vulnerability has been identified in RUGGEDCOM CROSSBOW (All versions < V6.0). Affected devices do not properly valid…
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High 8.8
A vulnerability has been identified in RUGGEDCOM CROSSBOW (All versions < V6.0). Affected devices do not properly valid…
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High 8.8
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High 7.6
WordPress Link Whisper Free plugin <= 0.9.7 - SQL Injection vulnerability
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High 7.6
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High 7.3
AdithyaYelloju Restaurant-Management-System Password Reset forgot3.php sql injection
A vulnerability was found in AdithyaYelloju Restaurant-Management-System up to 7f0e7e84255e8fcfd488e83f8f91451bbbff6b9c. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file User/forgot3.php of the component Password Reset. Performing a manipulation of the …
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High 7.3
itsmeravitejak Online-Examination-System Registration Form database.php addNewUser sql injection
A vulnerability was detected in itsmeravitejak Online-Examination-System up to e6208e630b14657999bbfe4c9912302d2a1e2449. This affects the function MySQLDB::addNewUser of the file include/database.php of the component Registration Form. Performing a manipulati…
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High 7.3
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High 7.3
SourceCodester Performance Indicator System edit_credit.php sql injection
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High 7.3
SourceCodester Performance Indicator System product.php sql injection
A vulnerability was identified in SourceCodester Performance Indicator System 1.0. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /opils/staff/product.php. The manipulation of the argument Category leads to sql injection. The attack may be initiated r…
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High 7.3
SourceCodester Performance Indicator System edit_quantity.php sql injection
A vulnerability was determined in SourceCodester Performance Indicator System 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /opils/staff/edit_quantity.php. Executing a manipulation of the argument pqty can lead to sql injection. The attack can be l…
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High 7.3
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High 7.3
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High 8.8
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High 8.8
Frappe ERPNext before 15.121.0 SQL Injection via Unvalidated Endpoint Input
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High 8.1
phpMyFAQ before 4.1.9 SQL Injection via api/autocomplete Search Endpoint
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High 7.1
LibreNMS before 26.9.0 SQL Injection via notification_id in notifications.inc.php
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High 7.3
Exponent CMS XML-RPC xmlrpc.php userLogin sql injection
A vulnerability has been found in Exponent CMS up to 3.0.2patch2. Affected is the function userLogin of the file xmlrpc.php of the component XML-RPC. Such manipulation leads to sql injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been …
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High 7.1
SQL Injection vulnerability affecting Tuleap Enterprise Edition 17.5
An SQL Injection vulnerability affecting Tuleap Enterprise Edition 17.5 could allow an attacker to have read access the Tuleap database.
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High 7.3
Zen Cart PayPal IPN paypaldp.php zen_db_perform sql injection
A vulnerability was found in Zen Cart up to 2.2.2. This impacts the function zen_db_perform in the library includes/modules/payment/paypaldp.php of the component PayPal IPN Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument txn_id results in sql injection. Th…
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High 7.5
SQL Injection in Clustering Communication (Hybrid Mode)
A SQL Injection (SQLi) affects the Kong Gateway (Enterprise and Open Source) clustering communication logic when operating in Hybrid Mode. The issue can be triggered by sending specially crafted RPC requests to the Control Plane (CP), leading to potential una…
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High 7.3
krupalshah EmployeeRecruitmentSystem Registration adminregister.php mysql_query sql injection
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High 7.3
krupalshah EmployeeRecruitmentSystem Forgot Password authprocessing.php mysql_query sql injection
A vulnerability has been found in krupalshah EmployeeRecruitmentSystem up to 922ff6d208278282e7c8e36d70d9ae356adec9fe. Affected by this issue is the function mysql_query of the file source/authprocessing.php of the component Forgot Password Handler. Such mani…