Weakness (CWE)
CWE-89: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command
The product constructs all or part of an SQL command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended SQL command when it is sent to a downstream component. Without sufficient removal or quoting of SQL syntax in user-controllable inputs, the generated SQL query can cause those inputs to be interpreted as SQL instead of ordinary user data.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
For example, consider using persistence layers such as Hibernate or Enterprise Java Beans, which can provide significant protection against SQL injection if used properly.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Process SQL queries using prepared statements, parameterized queries, or stored procedures. These features should accept parameters or variables and support strong typing. Do not dynamically construct and execute query strings within these features using "exec" or similar functionality, since this may re-introduce the possibility of SQL injection. [REF-867]
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Specifically, follow the principle of least privilege when creating user accounts to a SQL database. The database users should only have the minimum privileges necessary to use their account. If the requirements of the system indicate that a user can read and modify their own data, then limit their privileges so they cannot read/write others' data. Use the strictest permissions possible on all database objects, such as execute-only for stored procedures.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
Instead of building a new implementation, such features may be available in the database or programming language. For example, the Oracle DBMS_ASSERT package can check or enforce that parameters have certain properties that make them less vulnerable to SQL injection. For MySQL, the mysql_real_escape_string() API function is available in both C and PHP.
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Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When constructing SQL query strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing SQL injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent SQL injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, the name "O'Reilly" would likely pass the validation step, since it is a common last name in the English language. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the database because it contains the "'" apostrophe character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the apostrophe might reduce the risk of SQL injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the wrong name would be recorded.
When feasible, it may be safest to disallow meta-characters entirely, instead of escaping them. This will provide some defense in depth. After the data is entered into the database, later processes may neglect to escape meta-characters before use, and you may not have control over those processes.
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Architecture and Design
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
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Implementation
Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
In the context of SQL Injection, error messages revealing the structure of a SQL query can help attackers tailor successful attack strings.
Source: MITRE CWE-89
13,971 results · Feed
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Medium 6.5
ChirpStack SQLite Backend SQL Injection via Device Tag Key in ListDevices Filter
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High 7.1
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Critical 9.8
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Critical 9.8
Miantang IoT-PHP - Unauthenticated SQL Injection in /userlogin
Miantang/IoT-PHP's index.php implements a POST /userlogin route that reads the password directly from ['pwd'] with no sanitization and concatenates it into a raw SQL string: mysql_query("select * from userlists where username='' and password='' limit 1"). An …
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Critical 9.8
IOTSmartHome - Unauthenticated SQL Injection via lastLogin Cookie
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Low 3.9
SQL Injection Vulnerability in ZTE SmartLife App
The ZTE Smart Life app contains an SQL injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute UNION SELECT statements to query sensitive data in the feedback.db database across tables, including user accounts, phone numbers, feedback content, and local debu…
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Medium 6.5
WP Post Author <= 3.9.1 - Authenticated (Author+) SQL Injection
The WP Post Author – Author Box, Multiple Authors, Guest Authors & Custom Avatars plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to generic SQL Injection via the 'wpma_metabox_authors_list' parameter in all versions up to, and including, 3.9.1 due to insufficient escapin…
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Medium 4.9
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Medium 4.9
WP TripAdvisor Review Slider <= 14.3 - Authenticated (Administrator+) SQL Injection
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Critical 9.8
Stock-Inventory-Management-System - Unauthenticated SQL Injection and Hardcoded Credentials in login.php Enable Full Authentication Bypass
The Stock-Inventory-Management-System application's login.php assigns raw username/password values to and builds its authentication query by directly concatenating those session values into a SQL statement with no parameterization or escaping. The same script…
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Medium 4.9
Askeet <= 3.0 - Authenticated (Administrator+) SQL Injection via 'sql_query' Parameter
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High 7.5
TableOn <= 1.0.5.1 - Unauthenticated Blind SQL Injection via 'comment_count' Filter Parameter
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Medium 6.5
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Medium 6.5
PostgreSQL Misconfiguration and Command Injection Vulnerability in ZTE NX799J (Red Magic 11 Air) Product
The built-in PostgreSQL service on the mobile device suffers from misconfiguration flaws and command injection vulnerabilities. This service listens on a specific port, runs with root privileges, and is protected by weak credentials. The database supports the…
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Critical 9.1
Ajax Load More < 8.0.1 - Unauthenticated SQL Injection via custom_args
The Ajax Load More WordPress plugin before 8.0.1 does not properly sanitise and escape a parameter before using it in a SQL query, allowing unauthenticated attackers to perform time-based blind SQL injection and extract sensitive data from the database.
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Medium 4.9
PrettyLinks <= 3.6.20 - Authenticated (Administrator+) SQL Injection via 's' Parameter
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Medium 6.5
Relevanssi <= 4.27.1 and Relevanssi Premium <= 2.30.2 - Authenticated (Contributor+) SQL Injection
The plugin provides an Admin Search page that allows users with the `edit_posts` capability to run Relevanssi searches from the WordPress dashboard. The AJAX handler accepts a URL-encoded `args` parameter, parses it into a `WP_Query`, and then passes user-con…
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Medium 6.5
ERP: Complete HR, Accounting & CRM Suite with WooCommerce CRM Support <= 1.17.4 - Authenticated (Custom+) SQL Injection via 'erpadvancefilter' Parameter
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High 7.5
VikAppointments – Services Booking Calendar <= 1.2.19 - Unauthenticated SQL Injection
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Medium 6.3
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High 7.3
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High 7.3
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A vulnerability has been found in Shandong Hoteam PDM Product Data Management System up to 8.3.10. The impacted element is the function GetStoredClassByFilter of the file /Base/BaseService.asmx/DataService. The manipulation of the argument FilterString leads …
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Medium 6.5
Atals-Livre SQL Injection via Unsanitized GET Parameter in supp()
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High 8.6
A vulnerability allowing a low-privileged user to inject SQL and extract database contents.
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Medium 6.3
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High 8.8
Koha - SQL Injection in reports/issues_stats.pl
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High 8.8
Koha - SQL Injection in reports/bor_issues_top.pl
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High 8.8
Koha - SQL Injection in reports/issues_avg_stats.pl
Koha's reports/issues_avg_stats.pl builds dynamic SQL in sub calculate by concatenating several user-controlled request parameters directly into the query string. The Line and Column parameters are not validated against any whitelist and land verbatim in iden…
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High 8.8
Koha - SQL Injection in reports/catalogue_stats.pl
Koha's reports/catalogue_stats.pl builds dynamic SQL in sub calculate by interpolating the user-controlled Line and Column request parameters directly into identifier positions of the query (SELECT DISTINCTROW, GROUP BY, ORDER BY) with no whitelist validation.
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High 8.8
Koha - SQL Injection in reports/acquisitions_stats.pl
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Medium 6.8
Database for Contact Form 7, WPforms, Elementor forms < 1.5.5 - Authenticated SQL Injection via id Parameter
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Medium 6.3
cemtan sar2html Search sar2html.py sql injection
A vulnerability was detected in cemtan sar2html 4.0.0. This affects an unknown part of the file sar2html.py of the component Search. Performing a manipulation of the argument Search results in sql injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The…
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Critical 10.0
Adobe Campaign Classic (ACC) | Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') (CWE-89)
Adobe Campaign Classic (ACC) is affected by an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. An attacker could exploit this …
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Critical 9.9
Adobe Campaign Classic (ACC) | Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') (CWE-89)
Adobe Campaign Classic (ACC) is affected by an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. A low-privileged attacker could…
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Medium 6.5
Shlink Blind SQL Injection via tags/stats orderBy Parameter
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Critical 9.8
Sequelize: SQL Injection (Oracle DB)
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High 8.8
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Critical 10.0CVE-2026-69085 Scanner template
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Critical 10.0
SiYuan before v3.7.3 SQL Injection via searchEmbedBlock
SiYuan versions <= v3.7.2 expose the /api/search/searchEmbedBlock endpoint, which passes a client-supplied SQL statement verbatim to the main read-write siyuan.db handle with no single-statement, read-only, or admin restrictions. The endpoint is gated only by…
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Critical 10.0CVE-2026-69083 Public exploit
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