Skip to content
OpenAdvisories
High · 8.8 CVE-2022-49111 EUVD-2022-55101GHSA-5wpf-jxv5-j2rg

Bluetooth: Fix use after free in hci_send_acl

Published Feb 26, 2025 · Updated Aug 5, 2026 · Assigned by Linux

Vendor: Linux Product: Linux Package: linux Package: linux Package: linux-allwinner-5.19 Package: linux-aws Package: linux-aws-5.0 Package: linux-aws-5.11 Package: linux-aws-5.13 Package: linux-aws-5.19 Package: linux-aws-5.3 Package: linux-aws-5.4 Package: linux-aws-5.8 Package: linux-aws-6.2 Package: linux-aws-6.5 Package: linux-aws-fips Package: linux-aws-hwe Package: linux-azure Package: linux-azure-4.15 Package: linux-azure-5.11 Package: linux-azure-5.13 Package: linux-azure-5.15 Package: linux-azure-5.19 Package: linux-azure-5.3 Package: linux-azure-5.4 Package: linux-azure-5.8 Package: linux-azure-6.2 Package: linux-azure-6.5 Package: linux-azure-edge Package: linux-azure-fde Package: linux-azure-fde-5.19 Package: linux-azure-fde-6.2 Package: linux-azure-fips Package: linux-bluefield Package: linux-fips Package: linux-gcp Package: linux-gcp-4.15 Package: linux-gcp-5.11 Package: linux-gcp-5.13 Package: linux-gcp-5.19 Package: linux-gcp-5.3 Package: linux-gcp-5.4 Package: linux-gcp-5.8 Package: linux-gcp-6.2 Package: linux-gcp-6.5 Package: linux-gcp-fips Package: linux-gke Package: linux-gke-4.15 Package: linux-gke-5.15 Package: linux-gke-5.4 Package: linux-gkeop Package: linux-gkeop-5.15 Package: linux-gkeop-5.4 Package: linux-hwe Package: linux-hwe-5.11 Package: linux-hwe-5.13 Package: linux-hwe-5.15 Package: linux-hwe-5.19 Package: linux-hwe-5.4 Package: linux-hwe-5.8 Package: linux-hwe-6.2 Package: linux-hwe-6.5 Package: linux-hwe-edge Package: linux-ibm Package: linux-ibm-5.4 Package: linux-intel-5.13 Package: linux-intel-iot-realtime Package: linux-intel-iotg Package: linux-intel-iotg-5.15 Package: linux-iot Package: linux-kvm Package: linux-lowlatency Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15 Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19 Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2 Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5 Package: linux-lts-xenial Package: linux-nvidia-6.2 Package: linux-nvidia-6.5 Package: linux-oem Package: linux-oem-5.10 Package: linux-oem-5.13 Package: linux-oem-5.14 Package: linux-oem-5.17 Package: linux-oem-5.6 Package: linux-oem-6.0 Package: linux-oem-6.1 Package: linux-oem-6.5 Package: linux-oracle Package: linux-oracle-5.0 Package: linux-oracle-5.11 Package: linux-oracle-5.13 Package: linux-oracle-5.3 Package: linux-oracle-5.4 Package: linux-oracle-5.8 Package: linux-oracle-6.5 Package: linux-raspi Package: linux-raspi-5.4 Package: linux-raspi-realtime Package: linux-raspi2 Package: linux-realtime Package: linux-riscv Package: linux-riscv-5.11 Package: linux-riscv-5.19 Package: linux-riscv-5.8 Package: linux-riscv-6.5 Package: linux-starfive-5.19 Package: linux-starfive-6.2 Package: linux-starfive-6.5 Package: linux-vmware Platform: Linux Ecosystem: Debian Ecosystem: Ubuntu

Description

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

Bluetooth: Fix use after free in hci_send_acl

This fixes the following trace caused by receiving
HCI_EV_DISCONN_PHY_LINK_COMPLETE which does call hci_conn_del without
first checking if conn->type is in fact AMP_LINK and in case it is
do properly cleanup upper layers with hci_disconn_cfm:

==================================================================
BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in hci_send_acl+0xaba/0xc50
Read of size 8 at addr ffff88800e404818 by task bluetoothd/142

CPU: 0 PID: 142 Comm: bluetoothd Not tainted
5.17.0-rc5-00006-gda4022eeac1a #7
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS
rel-1.14.0-0-g155821a1990b-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014
Call Trace:
<TASK>
dump_stack_lvl+0x45/0x59
print_address_description.constprop.0+0x1f/0x150
kasan_report.cold+0x7f/0x11b
hci_send_acl+0xaba/0xc50
l2cap_do_send+0x23f/0x3d0
l2cap_chan_send+0xc06/0x2cc0
l2cap_sock_sendmsg+0x201/0x2b0
sock_sendmsg+0xdc/0x110
sock_write_iter+0x20f/0x370
do_iter_readv_writev+0x343/0x690
do_iter_write+0x132/0x640
vfs_writev+0x198/0x570
do_writev+0x202/0x280
do_syscall_64+0x38/0x90
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae
RSP: 002b:00007ffce8a099b8 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000014
Code: 0f 00 f7 d8 64 89 02 48 c7 c0 ff ff ff ff eb b8 0f 1f 00 f3
0f 1e fa 64 8b 04 25 18 00 00 00 85 c0 75 10 b8 14 00 00 00 0f 05
<48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 51 c3 48 83 ec 28 89 54 24 1c 48 89 74 24 10
RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: 00007ffce8a099e0 RDI: 0000000000000015
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007ffce8a099e0 RCX: 00007f788fc3cf77
R10: 00007ffce8af7080 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 000055e4ccf75580
RBP: 0000000000000015 R08: 0000000000000002 R09: 0000000000000001
</TASK>
R13: 000055e4ccf754a0 R14: 000055e4ccf75cd0 R15: 000055e4ccf4a6b0

Allocated by task 45:
kasan_save_stack+0x1e/0x40
__kasan_kmalloc+0x81/0xa0
hci_chan_create+0x9a/0x2f0
l2cap_conn_add.part.0+0x1a/0xdc0
l2cap_connect_cfm+0x236/0x1000
le_conn_complete_evt+0x15a7/0x1db0
hci_le_conn_complete_evt+0x226/0x2c0
hci_le_meta_evt+0x247/0x450
hci_event_packet+0x61b/0xe90
hci_rx_work+0x4d5/0xc50
process_one_work+0x8fb/0x15a0
worker_thread+0x576/0x1240
kthread+0x29d/0x340
ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30

Freed by task 45:
kasan_save_stack+0x1e/0x40
kasan_set_track+0x21/0x30
kasan_set_free_info+0x20/0x30
__kasan_slab_free+0xfb/0x130
kfree+0xac/0x350
hci_conn_cleanup+0x101/0x6a0
hci_conn_del+0x27e/0x6c0
hci_disconn_phylink_complete_evt+0xe0/0x120
hci_event_packet+0x812/0xe90
hci_rx_work+0x4d5/0xc50
process_one_work+0x8fb/0x15a0
worker_thread+0x576/0x1240
kthread+0x29d/0x340
ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30

The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff88800c0f0500
The buggy address is located 24 bytes inside of
which belongs to the cache kmalloc-128 of size 128
The buggy address belongs to the page:
128-byte region [ffff88800c0f0500, ffff88800c0f0580)
flags: 0x100000000000200(slab|node=0|zone=1)
page:00000000fe45cd86 refcount:1 mapcount:0
mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0xc0f0
raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080100010 00000001ffffffff
0000000000000000
raw: 0100000000000200 ffffea00003a2c80 dead000000000004
ffff8880078418c0
page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
ffff88800c0f0400: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fc fc fc
Memory state around the buggy address:
>ffff88800c0f0500: fa fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
ffff88800c0f0480: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
ffff88800c0f0580: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc

---truncated---

Affected products

VendorProductAffectedFixed
Linux Linux 3.8 4.9.311

Fixed in Linux distributions

Distributions backport fixes, so the version that fixes this vulnerability differs per release — upgrade to at least the version shown. From the distributions' security trackers and advisories.

ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
Debian 14 linux 5.17.3-1 —
Debian 13 linux 5.17.3-1 —
Debian 12 linux 5.17.3-1 —
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-raspi-realtime No fix yet —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux +1 5.15.0-37.39 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-aws 5.15.0-1011.14 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-azure 5.15.0-1010.12 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-gcp 5.15.0-1008.12 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-gke 5.15.0-1008.10 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-ibm 5.15.0-1007.8 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-intel-iotg 5.15.0-1008.11 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-kvm 5.15.0-1010.11 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-oracle 5.15.0-1009.12 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-raspi 5.15.0-1011.13 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-riscv +32 No fix yet —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux 5.4.0-117.132 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-aws +1 5.4.0-1078.84 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-azure 5.4.0-1083.87 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-azure-5.15 5.15.0-1008.9~20.04.1 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-bluefield 5.4.0-1040.44 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-gke +28 No fix yet —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-hwe-5.15 5.15.0-41.44~20.04.1 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-ibm 5.4.0-1026.29 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-intel-iotg-5.15 5.15.0-1008.11~20.04.1 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-iot 5.4.0-1004.6 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-kvm 5.4.0-1068.72 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15 5.15.0-42.45~20.04.1 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-oracle 5.4.0-1076.83 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-raspi 5.4.0-1065.75 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux 4.15.0-189.200 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-aws 4.15.0-1137.148 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-aws-5.4 +1 5.4.0-1078.84~18.04.1 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-azure-4.15 4.15.0-1146.161 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-azure-5.4 5.4.0-1083.87~18.04.1 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-gcp +14 No fix yet —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-gcp-4.15 4.15.0-1131.147 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-hwe-5.4 5.4.0-117.132~18.04.1 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-ibm-5.4 5.4.0-1028.32~18.04.1 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-kvm 4.15.0-1123.128 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-oracle 4.15.0-1102.113 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-oracle-5.4 5.4.0-1076.83~18.04.1 —
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-raspi-5.4 5.4.0-1065.75~18.04.1 —
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS linux-hwe-edge No fix yet —
Show 9 more (older releases, extended support, other products)
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
Ubuntu Pro Realtime 22.04 LTS linux-realtime 5.15.0-1014.14 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS 20.04 LTS linux-fips +3 No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS 18.04 LTS linux-fips +3 No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS 16.04 LTS linux-fips No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 20.04 LTS linux-aws-fips +1 5.4.0-1078.84+fips1 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 20.04 LTS linux-azure-fips 5.4.0-1083.87+fips1 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 20.04 LTS linux-fips 5.4.0-1054.61 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 18.04 LTS linux-aws-fips 4.15.0-2076.81 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 18.04 LTS linux-azure-fips 4.15.0-2057.63 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 18.04 LTS linux-fips 4.15.0-1094.105 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 18.04 LTS linux-gcp-fips 4.15.0-2041.46 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 16.04 LTS linux-fips 4.4.0-1130.137 USN-8923-1
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS linux 4.4.0-289.323 USN-8923-1
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS linux-aws 4.4.0-1198.213 USN-8923-1
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS linux-aws-hwe 4.15.0-1137.148~16.04.1 —
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS linux-azure 4.15.0-1146.161~16.04.1 —
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS linux-gcp 4.15.0-1131.147~16.04.1 —
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS linux-hwe 4.15.0-189.200~16.04.1 —
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS linux-kvm 4.4.0-1161.172 USN-8923-1
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS linux-oracle 4.15.0-1102.113~16.04.1 —
Ubuntu Pro 14.04 LTS linux No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro 14.04 LTS linux-aws 4.4.0-1160.166 USN-8923-1
Ubuntu Pro 14.04 LTS linux-azure 4.15.0-1146.161~14.04.1 —
Ubuntu Pro 14.04 LTS linux-lts-xenial 4.4.0-289.323~14.04.1 USN-8923-1
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
RHEL 9 bpftool 7.0.0-284.11.1.el9_2 RHSA-2023:2458
RHEL 9 perf +48 5.14.0-284.11.1.el9_2 RHSA-2023:2458
RHEL 8 kernel-rt +12 4.18.0-553.60.1.rt7.401.el8_10 RHSA-2025:10670
RHEL 8 perf +26 4.18.0-553.60.1.el8_10 RHSA-2025:10669
Show 8 more (older releases, extended support, other products)
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
RHEL 9.0 E4S kernel-rt +12 5.14.0-70.136.1.rt21.208.el9_0 RHSA-2025:10193
RHEL 9.0 E4S perf +28 5.14.0-70.136.1.el9_0 RHSA-2025:10174
RHEL 8.8 TUS perf +17 4.18.0-477.100.1.el8_8 RHSA-2025:10211
RHEL 8.8 E4S perf +18 4.18.0-477.100.1.el8_8 RHSA-2025:10211
RHEL 8.6 TUS perf +17 4.18.0-372.151.1.el8_6 RHSA-2025:10673
RHEL 8.6 E4S perf +25 4.18.0-372.151.1.el8_6 RHSA-2025:10673
RHEL 8.6 AUS perf +17 4.18.0-372.151.1.el8_6 RHSA-2025:10673
RHEL 8.4 AUS perf +17 4.18.0-305.161.1.el8_4 RHSA-2025:10005
RHEL 8.2 AUS perf +17 4.18.0-193.156.1.el8_2 RHSA-2025:10179

AlmaLinux

Errata ↗
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
AlmaLinux 8 kernel-rt +9 4.18.0-553.60.1.rt7.401.el8_10 ALSA-2025:10670
AlmaLinux 8 perf +24 4.18.0-553.60.1.el8_10 ALSA-2025:10669
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
SLES 15 SP5 kernel-64kb +6 5.14.21-150500.55.100.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLES 15 SP5 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150500.55.100.1.150500.6.47.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLES 15 SP4 kernel-64kb +6 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLES 15 SP4 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1.150400.24.78.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLES 15 SP3 kernel-64kb +7 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLES 15 SP3 kernel-default-base 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1.150300.18.120.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLES 12 SP5 kernel-syms +2 4.12.14-122.258.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01600-1
Show 18 more (older releases, extended support, other products)
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
SLES for SAP 15 SP5 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150500.55.100.1.150500.6.47.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLES for SAP 15 SP5 kernel-docs +4 5.14.21-150500.55.100.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLES for SAP 15 SP4 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1.150400.24.78.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLES for SAP 15 SP4 kernel-docs +4 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLES for SAP 15 SP3 kernel-default-base 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1.150300.18.120.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLES for SAP 15 SP3 kernel-docs +5 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLE Micro 5.5 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150500.55.100.1.150500.6.47.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLE Micro 5.5 kernel-rt +1 5.14.21-150500.13.91.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1176-1
SLE Micro 5.5 kernel-source +1 5.14.21-150500.55.100.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLE Micro 5.4 kernel-default 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLE Micro 5.4 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1.150400.24.78.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLE Micro 5.4 kernel-rt +1 5.14.21-150400.15.115.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1183-1
SLE Micro 5.3 kernel-default 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLE Micro 5.3 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1.150400.24.78.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLE Micro 5.3 kernel-rt +1 5.14.21-150400.15.115.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1183-1
SLE Micro 5.2 kernel-default 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLE Micro 5.2 kernel-default-base 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1.150300.18.120.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLE Micro 5.2 kernel-rt +1 5.3.18-150300.205.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1574-1, SUSE-SU-2025:1194-1
SLE Micro 5.1 kernel-default 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLE Micro 5.1 kernel-default-base 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1.150300.18.120.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLE Micro 5.1 kernel-rt +1 5.3.18-150300.205.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1574-1, SUSE-SU-2025:1194-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP5 kernel-default 5.14.21-150500.55.100.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP5 kernel-livepatch-SLE15-SP5_Update_25 1-150500.11.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP4 kernel-default 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP4 kernel-livepatch-SLE15-SP4_Update_38 1-150400.9.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP3 kernel-default 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP3 kernel-livepatch-SLE15-SP3_Update_56 +1 1-150300.7.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLE Live Patching 12 SP5 kernel-default 4.12.14-122.258.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01600-1
SLE Live Patching 12 SP5 kgraft-patch-SLE12-SP5_Update_68 1-8.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01600-1
SLE HPC 15 SP5 kernel-64kb +5 5.14.21-150500.55.100.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLE HPC 15 SP5 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150500.55.100.1.150500.6.47.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1241-1
SLE HPC 15 SP4 kernel-64kb +5 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLE HPC 15 SP4 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1.150400.24.78.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SLE HPC 15 SP3 kernel-64kb +6 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SLE HPC 15 SP3 kernel-default-base 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1.150300.18.120.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SUSE Manager Server 4.3 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1.150400.24.78.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SUSE Manager Server 4.3 kernel-syms +3 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SUSE Manager Proxy 4.3 kernel-default-base 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1.150400.24.78.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SUSE Manager Proxy 4.3 kernel-syms +2 5.14.21-150400.24.158.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1027-1
SUSE Enterprise Storage 7.1 kernel-64kb +6 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1
SUSE Enterprise Storage 7.1 kernel-default-base 5.3.18-150300.59.201.1.150300.18.120.1 SUSE-SU-2025:1263-1, SUSE-SU-2025:01633-1

Amazon Linux

ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
Amazon Linux 2 kernel-livepatch-4.14.276-211.499 1.0-0.amzn2 ALAS2-2024-2569
Amazon Linux 2 perf +8 4.14.276-211.499.amzn2 ALAS2-2024-2569

Oracle Linux

ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
Oracle Linux 8 perf +19 4.18.0-553.60.1.el8_10 ELSA-2025-10669

Advisories 25

References