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Unscored CVE-2025-21910 EUVD-2025-9411GHSA-xq5q-48gp-2pgw

wifi: cfg80211: regulatory: improve invalid hints checking

Published Apr 1, 2025 · Updated Nov 5, 2026 · Assigned by Linux

Vendor: Linux Product: Linux Package: linux Package: linux Package: linux-allwinner-5.19 Package: linux-aws Package: linux-aws-5.0 Package: linux-aws-5.11 Package: linux-aws-5.13 Package: linux-aws-5.15 Package: linux-aws-5.19 Package: linux-aws-5.3 Package: linux-aws-5.4 Package: linux-aws-5.8 Package: linux-aws-6.2 Package: linux-aws-6.5 Package: linux-aws-6.8 Package: linux-aws-fips Package: linux-aws-hwe Package: linux-azure Package: linux-azure-4.15 Package: linux-azure-5.11 Package: linux-azure-5.13 Package: linux-azure-5.15 Package: linux-azure-5.19 Package: linux-azure-5.3 Package: linux-azure-5.4 Package: linux-azure-5.8 Package: linux-azure-6.11 Package: linux-azure-6.2 Package: linux-azure-6.5 Package: linux-azure-6.8 Package: linux-azure-edge Package: linux-azure-fde Package: linux-azure-fde-5.19 Package: linux-azure-fde-6.2 Package: linux-azure-fips Package: linux-azure-nvidia Package: linux-bluefield Package: linux-fips Package: linux-gcp Package: linux-gcp-4.15 Package: linux-gcp-5.11 Package: linux-gcp-5.13 Package: linux-gcp-5.15 Package: linux-gcp-5.19 Package: linux-gcp-5.3 Package: linux-gcp-5.4 Package: linux-gcp-5.8 Package: linux-gcp-6.11 Package: linux-gcp-6.2 Package: linux-gcp-6.5 Package: linux-gcp-6.8 Package: linux-gcp-fips Package: linux-gke Package: linux-gke-4.15 Package: linux-gke-5.15 Package: linux-gke-5.4 Package: linux-gkeop Package: linux-gkeop-5.15 Package: linux-gkeop-5.4 Package: linux-hwe Package: linux-hwe-5.11 Package: linux-hwe-5.13 Package: linux-hwe-5.15 Package: linux-hwe-5.19 Package: linux-hwe-5.4 Package: linux-hwe-5.8 Package: linux-hwe-6.11 Package: linux-hwe-6.2 Package: linux-hwe-6.5 Package: linux-hwe-6.8 Package: linux-hwe-edge Package: linux-ibm Package: linux-ibm-5.15 Package: linux-ibm-5.4 Package: linux-ibm-6.8 Package: linux-intel Package: linux-intel-5.13 Package: linux-intel-iot-realtime Package: linux-intel-iotg Package: linux-intel-iotg-5.15 Package: linux-iot Package: linux-kvm Package: linux-lowlatency Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15 Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.19 Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11 Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.2 Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.5 Package: linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8 Package: linux-lts-xenial Package: linux-nvidia Package: linux-nvidia-6.11 Package: linux-nvidia-6.2 Package: linux-nvidia-6.5 Package: linux-nvidia-6.8 Package: linux-nvidia-lowlatency Package: linux-nvidia-tegra Package: linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15 Package: linux-nvidia-tegra-igx Package: linux-oem Package: linux-oem-5.10 Package: linux-oem-5.13 Package: linux-oem-5.14 Package: linux-oem-5.17 Package: linux-oem-5.6 Package: linux-oem-6.0 Package: linux-oem-6.1 Package: linux-oem-6.11 Package: linux-oem-6.5 Package: linux-oem-6.8 Package: linux-oracle Package: linux-oracle-5.0 Package: linux-oracle-5.11 Package: linux-oracle-5.13 Package: linux-oracle-5.15 Package: linux-oracle-5.3 Package: linux-oracle-5.4 Package: linux-oracle-5.8 Package: linux-oracle-6.5 Package: linux-oracle-6.8 Package: linux-raspi Package: linux-raspi-5.4 Package: linux-raspi-realtime Package: linux-raspi2 Package: linux-realtime Package: linux-realtime-6.8 Package: linux-riscv Package: linux-riscv-5.11 Package: linux-riscv-5.15 Package: linux-riscv-5.19 Package: linux-riscv-5.8 Package: linux-riscv-6.5 Package: linux-riscv-6.8 Package: linux-starfive-5.19 Package: linux-starfive-6.2 Package: linux-starfive-6.5 Package: linux-vmware Package: linux-xilinx Package: linux-xilinx-zynqmp Platform: Linux Ecosystem: Debian Ecosystem: Ubuntu

Description

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

wifi: cfg80211: regulatory: improve invalid hints checking

Syzbot keeps reporting an issue [1] that occurs when erroneous symbols
sent from userspace get through into user_alpha2[] via
regulatory_hint_user() call. Such invalid regulatory hints should be
rejected.

While a sanity check from commit 47caf685a685 ("cfg80211: regulatory:
reject invalid hints") looks to be enough to deter these very cases,
there is a way to get around it due to 2 reasons.

1) The way isalpha() works, symbols other than latin lower and
upper letters may be used to determine a country/domain.
For instance, greek letters will also be considered upper/lower
letters and for such characters isalpha() will return true as well.
However, ISO-3166-1 alpha2 codes should only hold latin
characters.

2) While processing a user regulatory request, between
reg_process_hint_user() and regulatory_hint_user() there happens to
be a call to queue_regulatory_request() which modifies letters in
request->alpha2[] with toupper(). This works fine for latin symbols,
less so for weird letter characters from the second part of _ctype[].

Syzbot triggers a warning in is_user_regdom_saved() by first sending
over an unexpected non-latin letter that gets malformed by toupper()
into a character that ends up failing isalpha() check.

Prevent this by enhancing is_an_alpha2() to ensure that incoming
symbols are latin letters and nothing else.

[1] Syzbot report:
------------[ cut here ]------------
Unexpected user alpha2: A�
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 is_user_regdom_saved net/wireless/reg.c:440 [inline]
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 restore_alpha2 net/wireless/reg.c:3424 [inline]
WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 964 at net/wireless/reg.c:442 restore_regulatory_settings+0x3c0/0x1e50 net/wireless/reg.c:3516
Modules linked in:
CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 964 Comm: kworker/1:2 Not tainted 6.12.0-rc5-syzkaller-00044-gc1e939a21eb1 #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024
Workqueue: events_power_efficient crda_timeout_work
RIP: 0010:is_user_regdom_saved net/wireless/reg.c:440 [inline]
RIP: 0010:restore_alpha2 net/wireless/reg.c:3424 [inline]
RIP: 0010:restore_regulatory_settings+0x3c0/0x1e50 net/wireless/reg.c:3516
...
Call Trace:
<TASK>
crda_timeout_work+0x27/0x50 net/wireless/reg.c:542
process_one_work kernel/workqueue.c:3229 [inline]
process_scheduled_works+0xa65/0x1850 kernel/workqueue.c:3310
worker_thread+0x870/0xd30 kernel/workqueue.c:3391
kthread+0x2f2/0x390 kernel/kthread.c:389
ret_from_fork+0x4d/0x80 arch/x86/kernel/process.c:147
ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:244
</TASK>

Affected products

VendorProductAffectedFixed
Linux Linux 2.6.34 5.4.291

Fixed in Linux distributions

Distributions backport fixes, so the version that fixes this vulnerability differs per release — upgrade to at least the version shown. From the distributions' security trackers and advisories.

ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
Debian 14 linux 6.12.19-1 —
Debian 13 linux 6.12.19-1 —
Debian 12 linux 6.1.133-1 DSA-5900-1
Debian 11 linux 5.10.237-1 DLA-4178-1
Debian 11 linux-6.1 6.1.137-1~deb11u1 DLA-4193-1
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
Ubuntu Nvidia-BlueField 22.04 LTS linux-bluefield 5.15.0-1066.68 —
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux 6.8.0-84.84 USN-7764-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-aws 6.8.0-1039.41 USN-7764-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-azure 6.8.0-1038.44 USN-7802-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-azure-6.11 6.11.0-1018.18~24.04.1 USN-7628-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-azure-nvidia 6.8.0-1025.27 USN-7809-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-gcp 6.8.0-1040.42 USN-7764-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-gcp-6.11 6.11.0-1016.16~24.04.1 USN-7605-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-gke 6.8.0-1036.40 USN-7764-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-gkeop 6.8.0-1023.25 USN-7764-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-hwe-6.11 6.11.0-28.28~24.04.1 USN-7605-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-ibm 6.8.0-1037.37 USN-7779-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-intel +4 No fix yet —
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-lowlatency 6.8.0-84.84.1 USN-7764-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.11 6.11.0-1015.16~24.04.2 USN-7605-2
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-nvidia 6.8.0-1039.42 USN-7765-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-nvidia-6.11 6.11.0-1012.12 —
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-nvidia-lowlatency 6.8.0-1039.42.1 USN-7765-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-nvidia-tegra 6.8.0-1010.10 —
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-oem-6.11 6.11.0-1024.24 USN-7606-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-oracle 6.8.0-1037.38 USN-7801-2
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-raspi 6.8.0-1039.43 USN-7790-1
Ubuntu 24.04 LTS linux-xilinx 6.8.0-1018.19 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux +1 5.15.0-140.150 USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-aws 5.15.0-1084.91 USN-7510-7
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-aws-6.8 6.8.0-1039.41~22.04.1 USN-7766-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-azure 5.15.0-1089.98 USN-7510-3
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-azure-6.8 6.8.0-1036.42~22.04.1 USN-7802-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-azure-fde 5.15.0-1089.98.1 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-gcp 5.15.0-1083.92 USN-7511-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-gcp-6.8 6.8.0-1040.42~22.04.1 USN-7766-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-gke +1 5.15.0-1081.87 USN-7511-3, USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-gkeop 5.15.0-1066.74 USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-hwe-6.8 6.8.0-85.85~22.04.1 USN-7801-1, USN-7764-2
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-ibm 5.15.0-1076.79 USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-ibm-6.8 6.8.0-1037.37~22.04.1 USN-7779-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-intel-iotg 5.15.0-1079.85 USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-kvm 5.15.0-1080.85 USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-6.8 6.8.0-84.84.1~22.04.1 USN-7764-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-nvidia 5.15.0-1078.79 USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-nvidia-6.8 6.8.0-1039.42~22.04.1 USN-7765-1
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-nvidia-tegra 5.15.0-1037.37 USN-7510-3
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-nvidia-tegra-igx 5.15.0-1026.26 USN-7510-7
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-oracle-6.8 6.8.0-1037.38~22.04.1 USN-7801-3
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-raspi 5.15.0-1078.81 USN-7510-7
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-riscv +32 No fix yet —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-riscv-6.8 6.8.0-84.84~22.04.1 —
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS linux-xilinx-zynqmp 5.15.0-1050.54 USN-7602-1
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux 5.4.0-216.236 USN-7516-1
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-aws 5.4.0-1146.156 USN-7516-9
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-aws-5.15 5.15.0-1084.91~20.04.1 USN-7510-8
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-azure 5.4.0-1151.158 USN-7516-3
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-azure-5.15 5.15.0-1089.98~20.04.1 USN-7510-3
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-bluefield 5.4.0-1105.112 USN-7517-3
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-gcp 5.4.0-1149.158 USN-7516-1
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-gcp-5.15 5.15.0-1083.92~20.04.1 USN-7512-1
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-gke +28 No fix yet —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-ibm 5.4.0-1092.97 USN-7516-6
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-ibm-5.15 5.15.0-1076.79~20.04.1 USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-intel-iotg-5.15 5.15.0-1079.85~20.04.1 USN-7510-7
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-kvm 5.4.0-1133.142 USN-7516-3
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-lowlatency-hwe-5.15 5.15.0-140.150~20.04.1 USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-oracle 5.4.0-1144.154 USN-7516-1
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-oracle-5.15 5.15.0-1081.87~20.04.1 USN-7510-1
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-raspi 5.4.0-1129.142 USN-7539-1
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-riscv-5.15 5.15.0-1079.83~20.04.1 —
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS linux-xilinx-zynqmp 5.4.0-1064.68 USN-7517-1
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS linux-gcp +14 No fix yet —
Show 16 more (older releases, extended support, other products)
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
Ubuntu 16.04 LTS linux-hwe-edge No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro Realtime 24.04 LTS linux-raspi-realtime 6.8.0-2030.31 USN-7800-1
Ubuntu Pro Realtime 24.04 LTS linux-realtime 6.8.1-1034.35 USN-7767-1
Ubuntu Pro Realtime 22.04 LTS linux-intel-iot-realtime 5.15.0-1077.79 USN-7510-4
Ubuntu Pro Realtime 22.04 LTS linux-realtime 5.15.0-1084.93 USN-7510-4
Ubuntu Pro Realtime 22.04 LTS linux-realtime-6.8 6.8.1-1034.35~22.04.1 USN-7767-2
Ubuntu Pro FIPS 20.04 LTS linux-fips +3 No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS 18.04 LTS linux-fips +3 No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS 16.04 LTS linux-fips No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 24.04 LTS linux-aws-fips 6.8.0-1039.41+fips1 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 24.04 LTS linux-azure-fips 6.8.0-1040.46+fips1 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 24.04 LTS linux-fips 6.8.0-84.84+fips1 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 24.04 LTS linux-gcp-fips 6.8.0-1040.42+fips1 —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 22.04 LTS linux-aws-fips 5.15.0-1084.91+fips1 USN-7510-6
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 22.04 LTS linux-azure-fips 5.15.0-1089.98+fips1 USN-7510-5
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 22.04 LTS linux-fips 5.15.0-140.150+fips1 USN-7510-2
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 22.04 LTS linux-gcp-fips 5.15.0-1083.92+fips1 USN-7511-2
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 20.04 LTS linux-aws-fips 5.4.0-1146.156+fips1 USN-7516-8
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 20.04 LTS linux-azure-fips 5.4.0-1151.158+fips1 USN-7518-1
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 20.04 LTS linux-fips 5.4.0-1120.130 USN-7516-8
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 20.04 LTS linux-gcp-fips 5.4.0-1149.158+fips1 USN-7516-2
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 18.04 LTS linux-fips +3 No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-updates 16.04 LTS linux-fips No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro FIPS-preview 22.04 LTS linux-fips +3 No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro 20.04 LTS linux-hwe-5.15 5.15.0-142.152~20.04.1 USN-7593-1
Ubuntu Pro 20.04 LTS linux-iot 5.4.0-1051.54 USN-7640-1
Ubuntu Pro 20.04 LTS linux-nvidia-tegra-5.15 5.15.0-1039.39~20.04.1 —
Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS linux +5 No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS linux-aws-5.4 5.4.0-1146.156~18.04.1 USN-7516-7
Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS linux-azure-5.4 5.4.0-1151.158~18.04.1 USN-7516-1
Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS linux-gcp-5.4 5.4.0-1149.158~18.04.1 USN-7516-1
Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS linux-hwe-5.4 5.4.0-216.236~18.04.1 USN-7516-5
Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS linux-ibm-5.4 5.4.0-1092.97~18.04.1 USN-7517-2
Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS linux-oracle-5.4 5.4.0-1144.154~18.04.1 USN-7516-4
Ubuntu Pro 18.04 LTS linux-raspi-5.4 5.4.0-1129.142~18.04.1 USN-7540-1
Ubuntu Pro 16.04 LTS linux +7 No fix yet —
Ubuntu Pro 14.04 LTS linux +3 No fix yet —
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
SLES 15 SP7 kernel-64kb +6 6.4.0-150700.53.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01951-1
SLES 15 SP7 kernel-azure +2 6.4.0-150700.20.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01967-1
SLES 15 SP7 kernel-default-base 6.4.0-150700.53.3.1.150700.17.2.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01951-1
SLES 15 SP6 kernel-64kb +6 6.4.0-150600.23.50.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01614-1
SLES 15 SP6 kernel-azure +2 6.4.0-150600.8.37.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01707-1
SLES 15 SP6 kernel-coco +3 6.4.0-15061.21.coco15sp6.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01919-1
SLES 15 SP6 kernel-default-base 6.4.0-150600.23.50.1.150600.12.22.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01614-1
SLES 12 SP5 kernel-syms +2 4.12.14-122.258.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01600-1
Show 6 more (older releases, extended support, other products)
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
SLE Micro 6.1 kernel-default-base 6.4.0-28.1.21.6 SUSE-SU-2025:20270-1
SLE Micro 6.1 kernel-livepatch-MICRO-6-0-RT_Update_7 1-1.3 SUSE-SU-2025:20283-1
SLE Micro 6.1 kernel-livepatch-MICRO-6-0_Update_6 1-3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:20270-1
SLE Micro 6.1 kernel-rt +1 6.4.0-30.1 SUSE-SU-2025:20283-1
SLE Micro 6.1 kernel-source +2 6.4.0-28.1 SUSE-SU-2025:20270-1
SLE Micro 6.0 kernel-default-base 6.4.0-28.1.21.6 SUSE-SU-2025:20192-1
SLE Micro 6.0 kernel-livepatch-MICRO-6-0-RT_Update_7 1-1.3 SUSE-SU-2025:20206-1
SLE Micro 6.0 kernel-livepatch-MICRO-6-0_Update_6 1-3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:20192-1
SLE Micro 6.0 kernel-rt +1 6.4.0-30.1 SUSE-SU-2025:20206-1
SLE Micro 6.0 kernel-source +2 6.4.0-28.1 SUSE-SU-2025:20192-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP7 kernel-default 6.4.0-150700.53.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01951-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP7 kernel-livepatch-SLE15-SP7_Update_1 1-150700.15.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01951-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP6 kernel-default 6.4.0-150600.23.50.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01614-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP6 kernel-livepatch-SLE15-SP6-RT_Update_11 1-150600.1.3.2 SUSE-SU-2025:01964-1
SLE Live Patching 15 SP6 kernel-livepatch-SLE15-SP6_Update_11 1-150600.13.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01614-1
SLE Live Patching 12 SP5 kernel-default 4.12.14-122.258.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01600-1
SLE Live Patching 12 SP5 kgraft-patch-SLE12-SP5_Update_68 1-8.3.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01600-1
SUSE Real Time Module 15 SP6 kernel-rt +3 6.4.0-150600.10.39.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01964-1
ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
openSUSE Leap 15.6 dtb-aarch64 +10 6.4.0-150600.23.50.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01614-1
openSUSE Leap 15.6 kernel-azure +2 6.4.0-150600.8.37.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01707-1
openSUSE Leap 15.6 kernel-default-base 6.4.0-150600.23.50.1.150600.12.22.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01614-1
openSUSE Leap 15.6 kernel-rt +3 6.4.0-150600.10.39.1 SUSE-SU-2025:01964-1

Oracle Linux

ReleasePackageFixed inAdvisory
Oracle Linux 9 kernel-uek +34 6.12.0-101.33.4.3.el10uek ELSA-2025-20530, ELSA-2025-20480

Advisories 50

References