Weakness (CWE)
CWE-116: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
How to prevent it (7 mitigations)
-
Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
-
Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
-
Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
-
Architecture and Design
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
-
Architecture and Design
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
-
Requirements
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
-
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Source: MITRE CWE-116
502 results · Feed
-
Medium 5.4
Typemill has Reflected XSS via login error view template
Typemill is a flat-file, Markdown-based CMS designed for informational documentation websites. A reflected Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) exists in the login error view template `login.twig` of versions 2.19.1 and below. The `username` value can be echoed back wi…
-
Medium 6.3
Docmost is vulnerable to stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) through Mermaid rendering
Docmost is open-source collaborative wiki and documentation software. In versions 0.3.0 through 0.23.2, Mermaid code block rendering is vulnerable to stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). The frontend can render attacker-controlled Mermaid diagrams using mermaid…
-
Critical 9.7
5ire vulnerable to Remote Code Execution (RCE)
5ire is a cross-platform desktop artificial intelligence assistant and model context protocol client. Prior to version 0.15.3, an unsafe HTML rendering permits untrusted HTML (including on* event attributes) to execute in the renderer context. An attacker can…
-
High 7.3
OnboardLite has stored Cross-site Scripting issue that may lead to admin Account Take Over
OnboardLite is a comprehensive membership lifecycle platform built for student organizations at the University of Central Florida. Versions of the software prior to commit 1d32081a66f21bcf41df1ecb672490b13f6e429f have a stored cross-site scripting vulnerabili…
-
Medium 6.1
Stored Cross-Site Scripting in Altium Live Support Center Comment Endpoint
A stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the Altium Support Center AddComment endpoint due to missing server-side input sanitization. Although the client interface applies HTML escaping, the backend accepts and stores arbitrary HTML and Jav…
-
Low 2.3
ApprovedRevs allows bypassing the inline CSS sanitizer
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output due to magic word replacement in ParserAfterTidy vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki - ApprovedRevs Extension allows Input Data Manipulation.This issue affects Mediawiki - ApprovedRevs Extension: 1.45, 1…
-
Critical 9.4
Coolify has Stored XSS in Project Name
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Coolify versions prior to and including v4.0.0-beta.420.6 are vulnerable to a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) attack in the project creation workflow. An aut…
-
High 7.2
Roundcube Webmail before 1.5.12 and 1.6 before 1.6.12 is prone to a information disclosure vulnerability in the HTML st…
-
Low 3.5
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output in GitLab
GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 15.6 before 18.4.6, 18.5 before 18.5.4, and 18.6 before 18.6.2 that could have allowed an authenticated user to, under certain conditions, render content in dialogs to other users by i…
-
High 7.7
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output in GitLab
GitLab has remediated a security issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 17.1 before 18.4.6, 18.5 before 18.5.4, and 18.6 before 18.6.2 that could have allowed an authenticated user to perform unauthorized actions on behalf of other users by injecti…
-
Medium 5.4
Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) in SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence Platform
SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence Platform lets an unauthenticated remote attacker send crafted requests through the URL parameter that controls the login page error message. This can cause the server to fetch attacker-supplied URLs, resulting in low …
-
Low 3.3
Nextcloud Deck app allows to spoof file extensions by using RTLO characters
Nextcloud Deck is a kanban style organization tool aimed at personal planning and project organization for teams integrated with Nextcloud. Prior to 1.12.7, 1.14.4, and 1.15.1, file extension can be spoofed by using RTLO characters, tricking users into downlo…
-
High 8.7
Open WebUI vulnerable to Stored DOM XSS via Note 'Download PDF'
Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Prior to 0.6.37, a Stored XSS vulnerability was discovered in Open-WebUI's Notes PDF download functionality. An attacker can import a Markdown file containing m…
-
High 8.4
PX Enterprise Improper Sanitization Vulnerability
A vulnerability exists in PX Enterprise whereby sensitive information may be logged under specific conditions.
-
Low 2.4
Limited HTML injection in emails
Emails sent by pretix can utilize placeholders that will be filled with customer data. For example, when {name} is used in an email template, it will be replaced with the buyer's name for the final email. If the name of the attendee contained HTML or Markdown…
-
High 8.4
Emby Server is Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution Through XSS in Admin Dashboard
Emby Server is a personal media server. Prior to version 4.8.1.0 and prior to Beta version 4.9.0.0-beta, a malicious user can send an authentication request with a manipulated X-Emby-Client value, which gets added to the devices section of the admin dashboard…
-
Critical 9.1
SolarWinds Serv-U Logic Abuse - Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
A logic error vulnerability exists in Serv-U which when abused could give a malicious actor with access to admin privileges the ability to execute code. This issue requires administrative privileges to abuse. On Windows deployments, the risk is scored as a me…
-
High 8.6
FactoryTalk® DataMosaix™ Private Cloud – Persistent XSS
A security issue exists within DataMosaix™ Private Cloud allowing for Persistent XSS. This vulnerability can result in the execution of malicious JavaScript, allowing for account takeover, credential theft, or redirection to a malicious website.
-
Medium 6.1
A DOM-based Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in the text editor feature of the Onlook web application 0.…
-
High 7.1
MDaemon Mail Server 23.5.2 validates SPF, DKIM, and DMARC using the email enclosed in angle brackets (<>) in the From: …
-
Medium 5.1
Nagios XI < 5.8.6 Core Config Manager (CCM) Reflected XSS via Test Command
The Core Config Manager (CCM) in Nagios XI versions prior to CCM 3.1.4 / Nagios XI 5.8.6 contains a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability via the Test Command functionality. Insufficient validation or escaping of user-supplied input may allow an …
-
Medium 5.3
DOS Vulnerability in ZTE MC889A Pro product
There is a Denial of Service（DoS）vulnerability in the ZTE MC889A Pro product. Due to insufficient validation of the input parameters of the Short Message Service interface, allowing an attacker to exploit it to carry out a DoS attack.
-
High 8.1
Potential user-assisted code execution in “Copy as cURL” command
Insufficient escaping in the “Copy as cURL” feature could have been used to trick a user into executing unexpected code on Windows. This did not affect the application when running on other operating systems. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 144, Firef…
-
Medium 6.1
An OBJECT tag type attribute overrode browser behavior on web resources without a content-type
A malicious page could have used the type attribute of an OBJECT tag to override the default browser behavior when encountering a web resource served without a content-type. This could have contributed to an XSS on a site that unsafely serves files without a …
-
Medium 5.5
python-ldap Vulnerable to Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output and Improper Null Termination
python-ldap is a lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) client API for Python. In versions prior to 3.4.5, ldap.dn.escape_dn_chars() escapes \x00 incorrectly by emitting a backslash followed by a literal NUL byte instead of the RFC-4514 hex form \00. An…
-
High 8.3CVE-2025-55903 Public exploit
A HTML injection vulnerability exists in Perfex CRM v3.3.1. The application fails to sanitize user input in the "Bill T…
-
High 8.1
pyLoad CNL and captcha handlers allow code Injection via unsanitized parameters
pyLoad is a free and open-source download manager written in Python. In versions prior to 0.5.0b3.dev91, pyLoad web interface contained insufficient input validation in both the Captcha script endpoint and the Click'N'Load (CNL) Blueprint. This flaw allowed u…
-
Medium 4.3
HTML Injection in Logo Software's Logo Cloud
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Logo Software Inc. Logo Cloud allows Phishing. This issue affects Logo Cloud: before 2.57.
-
High 7.2
motionEye vulnerable to RCE via unsanitized motion config parameter
MotionEye v0.43.1b4 and before is vulnerable to OS Command Injection in configuration parameters such as image_file_name. Unsanitized user input is written to Motion configuration files, allowing remote authenticated attackers with admin access to achieve cod…
-
Critical 9.4
get-jwks poisoned JWKS cache allows post-fetch issuer validation bypass
get-jwks contains fetch utils for JWKS keys. In versions prior to 11.0.2, a vulnerability in get-jwks can lead to cache poisoning in the JWKS key-fetching mechanism. When the iss (issuer) claim is validated only after keys are retrieved from the cache, it is …
-
Medium 5.9
Potential XSS in Extension:BlueSpiceWhoIsOnline
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Hallo Welt! GmbH BlueSpice (Extension:BlueSpiceWhoIsOnline) allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). This issue affects BlueSpice: from 5 through 5.1.1.
-
Medium 5.9
Potential XSS in Extension:BlueSpiceAvatars
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Hallo Welt! GmbH BlueSpice (Extension:BlueSpiceAvatars) allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). This issue affects BlueSpice: from 5 through 5.1.1.
-
Medium 5.9
Potential XSS in Extension:AtMentions
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Hallo Welt! GmbH BlueSpice (Extension:AtMentions) allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). This issue affects BlueSpice: from 5 through 5.1.1.
-
Medium 4.3
HTML Injection in Patika Global Technologies' HumanSuite
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (XSS or 'Cross-site Scripting'), Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output, Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection') vulnerability in Patika Gl…
-
Critical 10.0
XWiki Remote Macros vulnerable to remote code execution using the confluence paste code macro
XWiki Remote Macros provides XWiki rendering macros that are useful when migrating content from Confluence. Starting in version 1.0 and prior to version 1.26.5, missing escaping of the title in the confluence paste code macro allows remote code execution for …
-
Critical 10.0
XWiki Remote Macros vulnerable to remote code execution using the ConfluenceLayoutSection macro
XWiki Remote Macros provides XWiki rendering macros that are useful when migrating content from Confluence. Starting in version 1.0 and prior to version 1.26.5, missing escaping of the ac:type in the ConfluenceLayoutSection macro allows remote code execution …
-
Medium 6.4
Element Plus Link component (el-link) implements insufficient input validation for the href attribute
Element Plus Link component (el-link) through 2.10.6 implements insufficient input validation for the href attribute, creating a security abstraction gap that obscures URL-based attack vectors. The component passes user-controlled href values directly to unde…
-
Critical 9.8
A Host Header Injection vulnerability in Avigilon ACM v7.10.0.20 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via supplyi…
-
Medium 4.0
In multiple locations, there is a possible way to access content across user profiles due to URI double encoding. This …
-
Low 3.2
Multiple issues involving quote API in shlex
The shlex crate before 1.2.1 for Rust allows unquoted and unescaped instances of the { and \xa0 characters, which may facilitate command injection.