Weakness (CWE)
CWE-116: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
How to prevent it (7 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
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Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
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Architecture and Design
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
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Architecture and Design
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
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Requirements
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
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Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Source: MITRE CWE-116
502 results · Feed
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Medium 5.1
ETQ Reliance CG < SE.2025.1 Reflected XSS in `SQLConverterServlet`
A reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in ETQ Reliance CG (legacy) platform within the `SQLConverterServlet` component. This vulnerability requires user interaction, such as clicking a crafted link, and may result in execution of unauthor…
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Medium 6.5
Incorrect parsing of URLs could have allowed embedding of youtube.com
Firefox could have incorrectly parsed a URL and rewritten it to the youtube.com domain when parsing the URL specified in an `embed` tag. This could have bypassed website security checks that restricted which domains users were allowed to embed. This vulnerabi…
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Critical 10.0
WilderForge vulnerable to code Injection via GitHub Actions Workflows
WilderForge is a Wildermyth coremodding API. A critical vulnerability has been identified in multiple projects across the WilderForge organization. The issue arises from unsafe usage of `${{ github.event.review.body }}` and other user controlled variables dir…
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High 7.1
Discourse vulnerable to HTML injection when inviting to topic via email
Discourse is an open-source discussion platform. Prior to version 3.4.4 of the `stable` branch, version 3.5.0.beta5 of the `beta` branch, and version 3.5.0.beta6-dev of the `tests-passed` branch, certain invites via email may result in HTML injection in the e…
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Medium 4.9
IBM Security Guardium information disclosure
IBM Security Guardium 12.0 could allow a privileged user to download any file on the system due to improper escaping of input.
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Medium 6.5
Devtools' preview ignored CSP headers
Previewing a response in Devtools ignored CSP headers, which could have allowed content injection attacks. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 139 and Thunderbird 139.
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Medium 6.9
Yandex Browser for Android prior to version 21.3.0 allows remote attackers to perform IDN homograph attack.
Yandex Browser for Android prior to version 21.3.0 allows remote attackers to perform IDN homograph attack.
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High 8.2
Yandex Browser Lite for Android before 21.1.0 allows remote attackers to spoof the address bar.
Yandex Browser Lite for Android before 21.1.0 allows remote attackers to spoof the address bar.
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High 8.4
PX Backup Improper Sanitization Vulnerability
A vulnerability exists in PX Backup whereby sensitive information may be logged under specific conditions.
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Low 2.3
Umbraco.Forms has HTML injection vulnerability in 'Send email' workflow
Umbraco Forms is a form builder that integrates with the Umbraco content management system. Starting in the 7.x branch and prior to versions 13.4.2 and 15.1.2, the 'Send email' workflow does not HTML encode the user-provided field values in the sent email mes…
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Critical 9.1
Radware Cloud Web Application Firewall (WAF) before 2025-05-07 allows remote attackers to bypass firewall filters by ad…
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High 7.2
Misskey CSS Style Injection Vulnerability In `MkUrlPreview`
Misskey is an open source, federated social media platform. Starting in version 12.0.0 and prior to version 2025.4.1, due to an oversight in the validation performed in `UrlPreviewService` and `MkUrlPreview`, it is possible for an attacker to inject arbitrary…
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Critical 9.1
org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-security-requiredrights-default required rights analysis doesn't consider TextAreas with default content type
XWiki is a generic wiki platform. In versions starting from 15.9-rc-1 to before 15.10.8 and from 16.0.0-rc-1 to before 16.2.0, the required rights analysis doesn't consider TextAreas with default content type. When editing a page, XWiki warns since version 15…
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High 7.1
A vulnerability in the “Manages app data” functionality of the web application of ctrlX OS allows a remote authenticate…
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Medium 5.8
YesWiki Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary PHP File Write and Execution
YesWiki is a wiki system written in PHP. Prior to version 4.5.4, YesWiki vulnerable to remote code execution. An arbitrary file write can be used to write a file with a PHP extension, which then can be browsed to in order to execute arbitrary code on the serv…
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Medium 5.7
Potential local code execution in "copy as cURL" command
Due to insufficient escaping of the special characters in the "copy as cURL" feature, an attacker could trick a user into using this command, potentially leading to local code execution on the user's system. *This bug only affects Firefox for Windows. Other v…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2025-31651 Public exploit
Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve
Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectivel…
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Medium 4.2
Dell PowerProtect Data Manager Reporting, version(s) 19.17, 19.18 contain(s) an Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output…
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Medium 6.9
XSSes and potential RCE in Special:VersionCompare
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki - Version Compare Extension allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).This issue affects Mediawiki - Version Compare Extension: from 1.39 through 1.43.
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Medium 6.9
HTML injection in feed output from i18n message
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki Core - Feed Utils allows WebView Injection.This issue affects Mediawiki Core - Feed Utils: from 1.39 through 1.43.
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Medium 5.4
XSSes in Extension:ConfirmAccount
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki - Confirm Account Extension allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).This issue affects Mediawiki - Confirm Account Extension: from 1.39 through 1.43.
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Medium 5.3
Junos OS: Processing of a specific BGP update causes the SRRD process to crash
An Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in the Sampling Route Record Daemon (SRRD) of Juniper Networks Junos OS allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to cause a Denial-of-Service (DoS). When a device configured for flow-monitoring…
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Medium 6.3
MathLive's Lack of Escaping of HTML allows for XSS
Cross Site Scripting vulnerability in arnog MathLive Versions v0.103.0 and before (fixed in 0.104.0) allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code via the MathLive function.
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Low —
Django TomSelect incomplete escaping of dangerous characters in widget attributes
### Summary User supplied values passed through to certain attributes in form widgets are not fully escaped for potentially dangerous tokens, and in some cases are rendered in browser as valid html tags. ### Details Attributes passed to the widget (such as `l…
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Low 3.5
An issue was discovered in OpenSlides before 4.2.5. When creating new chats via the chat_group.create action, the user …
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Medium 5.3
Improper encoding or escaping of output vulnerability in the webapi component in Synology BeeStation OS (BSM) before 1.…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2024-10441 Public exploit
Improper encoding or escaping of output vulnerability in the system plugin daemon in Synology BeeStation OS (BSM) befor…
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Low 2.3
Mishandling of comma during folding and unicode-encoding of email headers
During an address list folding when a separating comma ends up on a folded line and that line is to be unicode-encoded then the separator itself is also unicode-encoded. Expected behavior is that the separating comma remains a plan comma. This can result in t…
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High 7.3
Lack of Escaping of HTML in JSX Fragments allows for Cross-site Scripting in solid-js
solid-js is a declarative, efficient, and flexible JavaScript library for building user interfaces. In affected versions Inserts/JSX expressions inside illegal inlined JSX fragments lacked escaping, allowing user input to be rendered as HTML when put directly…
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High 7.3
Cross-site Scripting vulnerability due to improper use of string.replace in dom-expressions
dom-expressions is a Fine-Grained Runtime for Performant DOM Rendering. In affected versions the use of javascript's `.replace()` opens up to potential Cross-site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities with the special replacement patterns beginning with `$`. Partic…
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Low 1.3
Coolify Vulnerable to Reflected XSS on Tag Search
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to version 4.0.0-beta.380, the tags page allows users to search for tags. If the search does not return any results, the query gets reflected on the erro…
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Medium 5.3
WordPress Poll Maker Plugin < 5.5.5 - HTML Injection vulnerability
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Ays Pro Poll Maker poll-maker.This issue affects Poll Maker: from n/a through < 5.5.5.
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Medium 6.3
\htmlData does not validate attribute names in KaTeX
KaTeX is a fast, easy-to-use JavaScript library for TeX math rendering on the web. KaTeX users who render untrusted mathematical expressions with `renderToString` could encounter malicious input using `\htmlData` that runs arbitrary JavaScript, or generate in…
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High 7.5CVE-2024-52005 Public exploit
The sideband payload is passed unfiltered to the terminal in git
Git is a source code management tool. When cloning from a server (or fetching, or pushing), informational or error messages are transported from the remote Git process to the client via the so-called "sideband channel". These messages will be prefixed with "r…
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Low 2.1
Git does not sanitize URLs when asking for credentials interactively
Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. When Git asks for credentials via a terminal prompt (i.e. without using any credential helpe…
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Low 2.1
Newline confusion in credential helpers can lead to credential exfiltration in git
Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. Git defines a line-based protocol that is used to exchange information between Git and Git c…
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Medium 4.0
Actionpack has possible cross-site scripting vulnerability via User Supplied Values to redirect_to
The redirect_to method in Rails allows provided values to contain characters which are not legal in an HTTP header value. This results in the potential for downstream services which enforce RFC compliance on HTTP response headers to remove the assigned Locati…
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Medium 5.4
Koji: escape html tag characters in the query string
A vulnerability in Koji was found. An unsanitized input allows for an XSS attack. Javascript code from a malicious link could be reflected in the resulting web page. It is not expected to be able to submit an action or make a change in Koji due to existing XS…
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High 8.6
XWiki Platform has an SQL injection in getdocuments.vm with sort parameter
XWiki Platform is a generic wiki platform. Starting in version 6.3-milestone-2 and prior to versions 13.10.5 and 14.3-rc-1, in `getdocument.vm`; the ordering of the returned documents is defined from an unsanitized request parameter (request.sort) and can all…
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Low 3.1
Apache Subversion: mod_dav_svn denial-of-service via control characters in paths
Insufficient validation of filenames against control characters in Apache Subversion repositories served via mod_dav_svn allows authenticated users with commit access to commit a corrupted revision, leading to disruption for users of the repository. All versi…