Weakness (CWE)
CWE-441: Unintended Proxy or Intermediary
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere.
How to prevent it (2 mitigations)
-
Architecture and Design
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
-
Architecture and Design
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for
transactions between two other components, the proxy core
should not drop the identity of the initiator of the
transaction. The immutability of the identity of the
initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the
way to the target.
Source: MITRE CWE-441
123 results · Clear filters · Feed
-
High 7.8
In dialInternal in multiple locations, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead …
-
High 7.0
Axios: maxRedirects: 0 is not enforced by the fetch adapter, allowing redirect-based SSRF
Axios is a promise-based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. From 1.17.0 until 1.20.0, the fetch adapter bypasses the maxRedirects: 0 redirect policy. An Axios request uses the fetch adapter with maxRedirects set to zero and receives a redirect response.…
-
High 7.6
Axios: Node HTTP adapter prototype-pollution gadget allows request socket hijack via inherited createConnection
Axios is a promise-based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. From 1.15.2 until 1.20.0, the Node HTTP adapter in lib/adapters/http.js supplies request options without an own createConnection value. A separate same-process prototype-pollution flaw places a…
-
High 7.3
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy') in Kibana Leading to Privilege Escalation
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy') (CWE-441) in Kibana Agent Builder can lead to privilege escalation. A non-administrative user able to edit a shared agent could cause privileged operations to be carried out under the identity of a higher-p…
-
High 7.1
Capgo Build Upload Proxy Authorization Bypass via TUS Resource
Capgo (capgo.app) exposes a native build TUS upload proxy (supabase/functions/_backend/public/build/upload.ts) that authorizes a caller against a single build job identified by the supplied builder_job_id and validates only that job's stored upload_path, but …
-
High 7.2
Openshift/console: openshift/console: unauthenticated reverse proxy to in-cluster catalogd service with session token forwarding
A flaw was found in openshift/console. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit a misconfiguration in the CatalogdHandler, which lacks proper authentication, and the forwarding of the `openshift-session-token` cookie. This allows the attacker to send re…
-
High 7.4
MCP Atlassian: MCP HTTP Client Server-Local File Exfiltration via Unvalidated Attachment Upload Path
MCP Atlassian is a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for Atlassian products (Confluence and Jira). Prior to 0.22.0, an HTTP transport deployment with READ_ONLY_MODE=false accepts a request without an Authorization identity and permits attacker-controlled At…
-
High 8.6
MCP Atlassian: Arbitrary File Read & Exfiltration (Confused Deputy) in JIRA update_issue
MCP Atlassian is a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for Atlassian products (Confluence and Jira). Prior to 0.22.0, the Jira update_issue attachments argument is converted into local paths and routed to the attachment upload implementation without workspace…
-
High 7.5
CoreDNS DoH/DoQ/gRPC bypass UPDATE rejection enforced on UDP/TCP
CoreDNS is a DNS server written in Go. Prior to 1.14.7, the DNS-over-HTTPS, DNS-over-HTTP/3, DNS-over-QUIC, and DNS-over-gRPC listeners in plugin/pkg/doh/doh.go, core/dnsserver/server_quic.go, and core/dnsserver/server_grpc.go call dns.Msg.Unpack without the …
-
High 8.4
In multiple files, there is a possible out-of-bounds read due to type confusion. This could lead to local escalation of…
-
High 8.4
In multiple files, there is a possible way to obtain signatures due to type confusion. This could lead to local escalat…
-
High 7.8
In VPU, there is a possible out-of-bounds write due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privil…
-
High 8.0
Strimzi: Cross-namespace privilege escalation via `Kafka.spec.entityOperator`
Strimzi provides a way to run an Apache Kafka cluster on Kubernetes or OpenShift in various deployment configurations. In Strimzi 1.0.0 and earlier, an attacker who can create a Kafka custom resource can set Kafka.spec.entityOperator watchedNamespace to a tar…
-
High 8.6
Anyquery: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) via Unrestricted SQLite Virtual Table Modules in Server Mode
Anyquery is an SQL query engine built on top of SQLite. Prior to 0.4.5, anyquery server exposes URL-capable SQLite virtual table modules such as json_reader and log_reader through its unauthenticated MySQL-compatible server port without restricting outbound d…
-
High 8.3
Confused deputy in DataTransfer in Google Chrome prior to 153.0.8010.36 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised t…
-
High 7.8
In onAttach of BiometricsSettingsBase.java, there is a possible authentication bypass due to a confused deputy. This co…
-
High 7.8
In onActivityResult of AppWidgetConfigActivityProxy.java, there is a possible unauthorized URI permission grant due to …
-
High 7.8
In startNextMatchingActivity of ActivityTaskManagerService.java, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confuse…
-
High 7.8
In setupLayout of PickActivity.java, there is a possible bypass of the "Install unknown apps" security restriction due …
-
High 7.8
In multiple locations, there is a possible read/write access to files without the proper permissions due to a confused …
-
High 7.8
In Setup Wizard, there is a possible way to force connection to a malicious network due to confused deputy. This could …
-
High 7.8
In onCreate of SlicePermissionActivity.java, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could…
-
High 7.8
In multiple functions in multiple locations, there is a possible background activity launch bypass due to a confused de…
-
High 7.8
In assertSafeToStartCustomActivity of AppRestrictionsFragment.java, there is a possible read/write access to private fi…
-
High 7.8
In onCreate of PaymentDefaultDialog.java, there is a possible way to change default payment app due to a confused deput…
-
High 8.2
Workload identity attestation generated before login host validation in Snowflake drivers
In affected Snowflake drivers, WORKLOAD_IDENTITY authentication requests a cloud workload-identity token and attaches it to the login request without verifying that the configured host is a Snowflake endpoint. An attacker who can modify the connection configu…
-
High 8.2
Wallos incomplete fix for CVE-2026-33407: unauthenticated httpoxy SSRF still reachable via `endpoints/payments/search.php`
Wallos is an open-source, self-hostable personal subscription tracker. Prior to version 5.0.0, the fix for CVE-2026-33407 (GHSA-hhjq-82f8-m6rc, "SSRF via HTTP Proxy Environment Variable") hardened endpoints/logos/search.php by disabling cURL proxying (CURLOPT…
-
High 7.5
NLTK before 3.10.3 SSRF Protection Bypass via Proxy
NLTK before 3.10.3 contains a server-side request forgery vulnerability in nltk.pathsec.urlopen (and callers nltk.data.load, nltk.downloader.Downloader.index/download) when an HTTP proxy is configured. pathsec.urlopen validates the requested hostname locally,…
-
High 7.1
Clusterclaims-controller: confused deputy: tenant-controlled clusterclaim labels propagated to managedcluster, enabling cross-tenant managedclusterset join
A flaw was found in the clusterclaims-controller component of Multicluster Engine (MCE). An authenticated tenant can exploit this vulnerability by manipulating ClusterClaim labels. This allows the tenant to force a cluster to join a ManagedClusterSet belongin…
-
High 8.5
Sub2API: Path traversal in the Responses subpath routes lets an authenticated tenant relay requests to arbitrary upstream endpoints using pooled account credentials
Sub2API is an AI API gateway platform designed to distribute and manage API quotas from AI product subscriptions. From 0.1.135, to 0.1.168, platform API keys issued to tenants are exchanged for upstream requests made with shared provider accounts (ChatGPT/Cod…
-
High 8.2
Appium java-client Allows Network Pivot via Unvalidated directConnect Redirect in AppiumCommandExecutor
Appium Java Client is the Java language binding for writing Appium tests that conform to the W3C WebDriver protocol. From 8.2.1 until 10.1.1, when directConnect(true) is enabled, AppiumCommandExecutor.setDirectConnect() reads the directConnectHost, directConn…
-
High 8.5
Cluster-proxy: impersonation-header injection grants cluster-admin on every managed cluster
A flaw was found in the cluster-proxy service-proxy component used in Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes (RHACM) and multicluster-engine (MCE). The service-proxy appends impersonation group headers to proxied requests without first removing ca…
-
High 7.5
SurrealDB before 2.5.0 Privilege Escalation via Future Fields
SurrealDB before 2.5.0 and before 3.0.0-beta.3 contains a confused deputy privilege escalation vulnerability. Unprivileged users (e.g., those with the database editor role) can create or modify fields containing futures, functions, or closures. Because these …
-
High 8.7
@fastify/reply-from vulnerable to cross-upstream request routing via URL cache key collision
Impact: @fastify/reply-from versions from 8.3.1 up to but not including 12.6.4 build the internal URL cache key by concatenating the destination and source path without a delimiter. Different destination and source pairs can therefore produce the same key whi…
-
High 7.7
Better Auth: Unauthorized invitation acceptance via unverified email match in organization plugin
Better Auth is an authentication and authorization library for TypeScript. Prior to 1.6.11, and in 1.6.14 and later when invitation IDs can be obtained outside the invited mailbox and requireEmailVerificationOnInvitation: true is not enabled, the organization…
-
High 8.3
9router: Reverse proxy locality collapse allows unauthenticated access to 9router /v1 APIs
9Router is an AI router & token saver. Prior to 0.5.2, 9router treats loopback requests as trusted and allows /v1/* access without an API key, so a same-host reverse proxy that forwards public traffic to the backend through 127.0.0.1 causes src/dashboardGuard…
-
High 7.5CVE-2026-46592 Public exploit
Apache Camel: Camel-CXF: The SOAP operation-selection headers used non-Camel-prefixed names (operationName, operationNamespace) that bypass the HTTP header filter, allowing an HTTP client to redirect the invoked SOAP operation
Improper Input Validation, Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy') vulnerability in Apache Camel CXF SOAP component. The camel-cxf producer selects which SOAP operation to invoke on the backend service from the operationName (and operationNamespa…
-
High 8.7
Axios: Full Man-in-the-Middle via Prototype Pollution Gadget in `config.proxy`
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. From 1.0.0 to before 1.16.0, the Axios library is vulnerable to a Prototype Pollution "Gadget" attack that allows any Object.prototype pollution in the application's dependency tree to be escal…
-
High 7.7
Fission: Cross-namespace Environment reference in Package allows build-time command execution and SA token exfiltration
Fission is an open-source, Kubernetes-native serverless framework that simplifies the deployment of functions and applications on Kubernetes. Prior to version 1.24.0, Fission's buildermgr controller processed Package CRDs without verifying that Package.spec.e…
-
High 8.8
Mercusys AC12G (EU) V1 router with firmware AC12G(EU)_V1_200909 allows UPnP AddPortMapping to forward external ports to…