Weakness (CWE)
CWE-441: Unintended Proxy or Intermediary
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere.
How to prevent it (2 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
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Architecture and Design
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for
transactions between two other components, the proxy core
should not drop the identity of the initiator of the
transaction. The immutability of the identity of the
initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the
way to the target.
Source: MITRE CWE-441
124 results · Clear filters · Feed
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High 8.8
Mercusys AC12G (EU) V1 router with firmware AC12G(EU)_V1_200909 allows UPnP AddPortMapping to forward external ports to…
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High 7.8
In getCallingPackageName of Shared.java, there is a possible way to bypass activity start restrictions due to a confuse…
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High 7.8
In multiple functions of PipTaskOrganizer.java, there is a possible way to launch an activity from the background due t…
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High 8.3
pyload-ng: non-admin SETTINGS users can redirect all outbound traffic through an attacker-controlled proxy
pyLoad is a free and open-source download manager written in Python. Prior to 0.5.0b3.dev100, the set_config_value() API method (@permission(Perms.SETTINGS)) in src/pyload/core/api/__init__.py gates security-sensitive options behind a hand-maintained allowlis…
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High 7.2
Axios: Incomplete Fix for CVE-2025-62718 — NO_PROXY Protection Bypassed via RFC 1122 Loopback Subnet (127.0.0.0/8) in Axios 1.15.0
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, an attacker who can influence the target URL of an Axios request can use any address in the 127.0.0.0/8 range (other than 127.0.0.1) to completely bypass the NO_PROX…
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High 8.1
kyverno apicall servicecall implicit bearer token injection leaks kyverno serviceaccount token
Kyverno is a policy engine designed for cloud native platform engineering teams. Prior to 1.16.4, kyverno’s apiCall servicecall helper implicitly injects Authorization: Bearer ... using the kyverno controller serviceaccount token when a policy does not explic…
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High 7.0
Unisys WebPerfect Image Suite 3.0 NTLMv2 Hash Leakage via .NET Remoting
Unisys WebPerfect Image Suite versions 3.0.3960.22810 and 3.0.3960.22604 expose a deprecated .NET Remoting TCP channel that allows remote unauthenticated attackers to leak NTLMv2 machine-account hashes by supplying a Windows UNC path as a target file argument…
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High 8.2
FastMCP: Missing Consent Verification in OAuth Proxy Callback Facilitates Confused Deputy Vulnerabilities
FastMCP is the standard framework for building MCP applications. Prior to version 3.2.0, while testing the GitHubProvider OAuth integration, which allows authentication to a FastMCP MCP server via a FastMCP OAuthProxy using GitHub OAuth, it was discovered tha…
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High 8.4
In gmc_ddr_handle_mba_mr_req of gmc_mba_ddr.c, there is a possible escalation of privileges due to a confused deputy. T…
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High 8.4
In hasInteractAcrossUsersFullPermission of AppInfoBase.java, there is a possible cross-user permission bypass due to a …
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High 8.4CVE-2026-0013 Public exploit
In setupLayout of PickActivity.java, there is a possible way to start any activity as a DocumentsUI app due to a confus…
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High 8.4
In multiple functions of FaceEnroll.kt, there is a possible privilege escalation due to a confused deputy. This could l…
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High 7.8
In executeRequest of ActivityStarter.java, there is a possible launch anywhere due to a confused deputy. This could lea…
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High 8.4
In multiple functions of MediaProvider.java, there is a possible external storage write permission bypass due to a conf…
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High 7.2
Coturn: IPv4-mapped IPv6 (::ffff:0:0/96) bypasses denied-peer-ip ACL
Coturn is a free open source implementation of TURN and STUN Server. Coturn is commonly configured to block loopback and internal ranges using "denied-peer-ip" and/or default loopback restrictions. CVE-2020-26262 addressed bypasses involving "0.0.0.0", "[::1]…
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High 7.2
An unintended proxy or intermediary in the AMD power management firmware (PMFW) could allow a privileged attacker to se…
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High 8.1
Skipper Ingress Controller Allows Unauthorized Access to Internal Services via ExternalName
Skipper is an HTTP router and reverse proxy for service composition. Prior to version 0.24.0, when running Skipper as an Ingress controller, users with permissions to create an Ingress and a Service of type ExternalName can create routes that enable them to u…
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High 7.9
Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller Proxy service allows arbitrary BMS access
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary vulnerability in Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) allows Network Boundary Bridging.This issue affects Multi-Stack Controller (MSC): through and including release 2.5.1.
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High 8.7
Insights-runtimes-tech-preview/runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator: improper proxy configuration allows unauthorized administrative commands
A flaw was found in runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator. An internal proxy component is incorrectly configured. Because of this flaw, the proxy attaches the cluster's main administrative credentials to any command it receives, instead of only the specific repor…
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High 7.8
In validateIconUserBoundary of PrintManagerService.java, there is a possible cross-user image leak due to a confused de…
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High 7.8
In onActivityResult of EditFdnContactScreen.java, there is a possible way to leak contacts from the work profile due to…
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High 7.8
In multiple functions of NotificationStation.java, there is a possible cross-profile information disclosure due to a co…
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High 7.8
In grantAllowlistedPackagePermissions of SettingsSliceProvider.java, there is a possible way for a third party app to m…
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High 7.8
In multiple locations, there is a possible way to leak audio files across user profiles due to a confused deputy. This …
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High 7.8
In System UI, there is a possible way to view other users' images due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local es…
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High 7.1
In isSystemUid of AccountManagerService.java, there is a possible way for an app to access privileged APIs due to a con…
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High 7.3
In markMediaAsFavorite of MediaProvider.java, there is a possible way to bypass the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission d…
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High 7.8
In onActivityResult of VoicemailSettingsActivity.java, there is a possible work profile contact number leak due to a co…
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High 7.8
In multiple functions of AppRestrictionsFragment.java, there is a possible way to bypass intent security check due to a…
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High 7.8CVE-2025-32324 Public exploit
In onCommand of ActivityManagerShellCommand.java, there is a possible arbitrary activity launch due to a confused deput…
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High 7.8
In isSafeIntent of AccountTypePreferenceLoader.java, there is a possible way to bypass an intent type check due to a co…
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High 7.8
In validateUriSchemeAndPermission of DisclaimersParserImpl.java , there is a possible way to access data from another u…
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High 7.3CVE-2025-22441 Public exploit
In getContextForResourcesEnsuringCorrectCachedApkPaths of RemoteViews.java, there is a possible way to load arbitrary j…
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High 7.8
In loadDrawableForCookie of ResourcesImpl.java, there is a possible way to access task snapshots of other apps due to a…
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High 7.8
In multiple locations, there is a possible confused deputy due to Intent Redirect. This could lead to local escalation …
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High 7.8
In onCreate of ChooserActivity.java , there is a possible way to view other users' images due to a confused deputy. Thi…
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High 8.3CVE-2025-47269 EPSS 56%
code-server session cookie can be extracted by having user visit specially crafted proxy URL
code-server runs VS Code on any machine anywhere through browser access. Prior to version 4.99.4, a maliciously crafted URL using the proxy subpath can result in the attacker gaining access to the session token. Failure to properly validate the port for a pro…
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High 8.2
Mitmweb API Authentication Bypass Using Proxy Server
mitmproxy is a interactive TLS-capable intercepting HTTP proxy for penetration testers and software developers and mitmweb is a web-based interface for mitmproxy. In mitmweb 11.1.1 and below, a malicious client can use mitmweb's proxy server (bound to `*:8080…
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High 8.6
An open proxy vulnerability affects HCL Nomad server on Domino
HCL Nomad server on Domino is affected by an open proxy vulnerability in which an unauthenticated attacker can mask their original source IP address. This may enable an attacker to trick the user into exposing sensitive information.
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High 8.4
In updateNotificationChannelFromPrivilegedListener of NotificationManagerService.java, there is a possible cross-user d…