Weakness (CWE)
CWE-472: External Control of Assumed-Immutable Web Parameter
The web application does not sufficiently verify inputs that are assumed to be immutable but are actually externally controllable, such as hidden form fields.
More detail
For example, custom cookies commonly store session data or persistent data across sessions. This kind of session data is normally involved in security related decisions on the server side, such as user authentication and access control. Thus, the cookies might contain sensitive data such as user credentials and privileges. This is a dangerous practice, as it can often lead to improper reliance on the value of the client-provided cookie by the server side application.
How to prevent it (2 mitigations)
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Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
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Implementation
Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
Source: MITRE CWE-472
167 results · Feed
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High 7.1
Price manipulation in the Ecommerce Template checkout flow through a client supplied Stripe price identifier
External Control of Assumed-Immutable Web Parameter (CWE-472) in the cart and checkout flow of MarcosCamara01 Ecommerce Template allows an authenticated user with no special privileges to be charged the price of one product while placing an order for another,…
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High 7.1
Mattermost SAML RelayState forgery allows unauthorized team membership
Mattermost versions 11.10.x <= 11.10.0, 11.7.x <= 11.7.9, 11.9.x <= 11.9.1, 11.8.x <= 11.8.5 fail to verify the integrity of the SAML RelayState POST parameter which allows an authenticated SAML user to join any team, including invite-only teams, via forging …
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High 8.1
Wheels 1.1 through 4.1.2 resolves nestedProperties() records by posted primary key without checking that they belong to…
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High 8.3
Lychee: Webshop checkout lets the client override the payment `amount` sent to the gateway via malicious crafted POST request
Lychee is a free, open-source photo-management tool. Prior to 7.7.1, the Supporter or Pro webshop POST /api/v2/Shop/Checkout/Process flow accepts an unrestricted additional_data array and CheckoutService::preparePurchaseParameters() merges it after server-com…
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Medium 5.3
InvoiceShelf trusts client-supplied document totals
InvoiceShelf is an open-source web & mobile app that helps track expenses, payments and create professional invoices and estimates. Prior to version 2.4.0, InvoiceShelf invoice, estimate, and recurring-invoice creation paths accept client-supplied total, sub_…
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Medium 4.7
External control of assumed-Immutable web parameter issue exists in EC-CUBE plugin (for EC-CUBE 4 series) "AmazonPay Pl…
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Medium 5.3
WordPress Salevo plugin <= 1.3.0 - Broken Access Control vulnerability
External Control of Assumed-Immutable Web Parameter vulnerability in VillaTheme Salevo woo-boost-sales allows Input Data Manipulation.This issue affects Salevo: from n/a through 1.3.0.
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Medium 6.5
pH7Builder before 18.5.1 Payment Bypass via Payment Module MainController
pH7Builder (pH7 Social Dating CMS) before 18.5.1 contains a payment validation vulnerability that allows registered low-privileged members to obtain any membership tier by supplying client-controlled plan and amount fields. Attackers can set item_number, cart…
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Medium 6.1
In OpenStack Zaqar before 23.0.1, the WebSocket transport fails to bind the project identifier in subsequent requests t…
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Medium 5.3
Magee Shortcodes <= 2.1.1 - Unauthenticated Mail Relay via Contact Form
The Magee Shortcodes WordPress plugin through 2.1.1 does not restrict the recipient of some of its unauthenticated contact-form actions, allowing unauthenticated users to send arbitrary emails to any address through the site (mail relay).
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Medium 5.3
WebToffee Gift Cards for WooCommerce < 1.3.1 - Unauthenticated Gift Card Amount Manipulation via wt_credit_amount
The WebToffee Gift Cards for WooCommerce WordPress plugin before 1.3.1 does not validate a user-supplied gift card amount server-side before using it as the cart-item price and store-credit coupon value, allowing unauthenticated users to submit an arbitrary o…
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Medium 5.3
Easy PayPal & Stripe Buy Now Button 1.8 - 2.0.5 - Unauthenticated Payment Amount Manipulation via Client-Supplied Price
The Easy PayPal & Stripe Buy Now Button WordPress plugin before 2.0.6 does not derive the payment amount on the server, taking it from a client-supplied field, so an unauthenticated attacker sets an arbitrary lower price for a purchase.
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Medium 5.3
Bookly < 28.3 - Unauthenticated Payment Bypass via Booking Price Manipulation
The Bookly WordPress plugin before 28.3 does not validate client-supplied booking quantity values on the server before computing the appointment total, allowing unauthenticated users to reduce the total to zero and book paid services for free while bypassing …
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High 8.3
MISP: IDOR via Client-Supplied Report ID in Module Results Processing Allows Reparenting and Overwriting of Other Events' Reports
MISP contains an insecure direct object reference vulnerability in the processModuleResultsData method of the Event model. When processing module results, the code iterates over EventReport entries supplied in the resolved data and saves each one. Unlike the …
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Medium 5.3
RestroPress < 3.4.6 - Unauthenticated Price Manipulation via Cart Add-ons
The RestroPress WordPress plugin before 3.4.6 does not validate a client-supplied item add-on price on the server side when items are added to or updated in the cart, allowing unauthenticated users to set an arbitrary price and place orders for an attacker-ch…
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High 8.7
Joomla Extension - j2commerce.com - Any order can be marked Failed by anyone in J2Store 1.0.0-3.3.2, 4.0.0-4.0.22, 4.1.0-4.1.7
Joomla Extension - j2commerce.com - Any order can be marked Failed by anyone in J2Store 1.0.0-3.3.2, 4.0.0-4.0.22, 4.1.0-4.1.7 - Unauthenticated denial-of-service against the order pipeline: mass-failing pending orders to disrupt revenue and force manual repr…
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Medium 5.3
WordPress WP EasyPay plugin <= 4.5.3 - Bypass Vulnerability vulnerability
Unauthenticated Bypass Vulnerability in WP EasyPay <= 4.5.3 versions.
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High 8.7
Joomla Extension - j2commerce.com - Unauthenticated PayPal callback forgery leading to order confirmation fraud in J2Store 1.0.0-3.3.21, 4.0.0-4.0.21, 4.1.0-4.1.6
Joomla Extension - j2commerce.com - Unauthenticated PayPal callback forgery leading to order confirmation fraud in J2Store 1.0.0-3.3.21, 4.0.0-4.0.21, 4.1.0-4.1.6 - The PayPal IPN listener's signature check (`_validateIPN()`) accepted `UNVERIFIED` and any non…
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Medium 5.4
In Stapler 2107.v8dfcb_e8ed317 and earlier, except 2088.2093.vd7c3e58008a_6, included in Jenkins 2.579 and earlier, LTS…
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Medium 5.3
RegistrationMagic 6.0.0.0 - 6.0.9.8 - Unauthenticated Payment Bypass via Zero Quantity
The RegistrationMagic WordPress plugin before 6.0.9.9 does not validate a client-supplied quantity multiplier when calculating the total price of a paid registration, allowing unauthenticated users to register without paying and obtain an activated account ho…
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High 7.7CVE-2026-67363 Public exploit
Joomla Extension - balbooa.com - Pre-auth Payment Amount Tampering in Balbooa Forms < 2.4.3.2
Joomla Extension - balbooa.com - Pre-auth Payment Amount Tampering in Balbooa Forms < 2.4.3.2 - The stripeCharges and payAuthorize endpoints accept the charge total from a client-controlled request parameter and forward it to the payment gateway without recom…
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Medium 6.5
Wallet System for WooCommerce < 2.7.10 - Customer+ Checkout Price Manipulation via Unvalidated Wallet Amount
The Wallet System for WooCommerce WordPress plugin before 2.7.10 does not validate a user-supplied wallet amount against the customer's actual stored balance during checkout, allowing authenticated customers to arbitrarily reduce their own order total, includ…
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High 7.5
WPC Name Your Price for WooCommerce < 2.2.5 - Unauthenticated Price Manipulation via Select Mode
The WPC Name Your Price for WooCommerce WordPress plugin before 2.2.5 does not enforce its server-side price allowlist for products configured in "Select" price mode, allowing an unauthenticated visitor to add such a product to the cart at an arbitrary value …
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Medium 5.3
Event Booking Manager for WooCommerce (Pro) < 5.0.3 - Unauthenticated Payment Bypass via Client-Controlled Ticket Price
The Event Booking Manager for WooCommerce (Pro) WordPress plugin before 5.0.3 does not validate the ticket price on the server during its native (non-WooCommerce) checkout, trusting the per-ticket price supplied by the client instead of re-deriving the event'…
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Medium 5.3
WP Hotel Booking < 2.3.3 - Unauthenticated Payment Bypass via Price Manipulation
The WP Hotel Booking WordPress plugin before 2.3.3 does not ensure that room quantities and the resulting order total are non-negative when placing a booking, and relies on client-controlled cart data, allowing unauthenticated users to create confirmed reserv…
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High 7.5
CoCart < 4.9.0 - Unauthenticated Arbitrary Price Manipulation
The CoCart WordPress plugin before 4.9.0 does not validate a user-supplied price value against the actual product price when items are added to the cart through one of its public REST API endpoints, allowing unauthenticated users to set arbitrary product pric…
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Medium 5.3
Persian Elementor (المنتور فارسی) <= 2.8.1 - Unauthenticated Price Manipulation via ZarinPal Widget
The Persian Elementor (المنتور فارسی) plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Price Manipulation in all versions up to, and including, 2.8.1. This is due to the plugin trusting a user-supplied payment amount without server-side validation against the configured…
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Medium 5.3
Improper Access Control in Abis Technology's AVESİS
External control of Assumed-Immutable web parameter vulnerability in ABIS Technology Ltd. Co. AVESİS allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs. This issue affects AVESİS: before 202606251646.
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High 7.5
Ninja Forms Calculation and Payment Total Tampering via Fail-Open get_calc_value in ListSelect and ListRadio Fields
Ninja Forms WordPress plugin version 3.14.8 and prior contains an improper input validation vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary numeric values into form calculations and payment totals by submitting values that do not match…
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Medium 5.4
Keycloak-services: keycloak-services: authorization codes can be retargeted to another client session
A flaw was found in the keycloak-services component of Red Hat Build of Keycloak. The issue occurs because OAuth 2.0 authorization codes are not properly bound to the client that originally requested them. An attacker who can intercept an authorization code c…
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Medium 6.3
The SCORM lab launch endpoint in Skillable (scorm.skillable.com) through 2026-07-13 does not validate the client-suppli…
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Medium 5.3
Ghost: Paid gift memberships obtainable at minimal cost via the donations feature
Ghost is a Node.js content management system. From 6.27.0 before 6.44.0, Ghost's public donation checkout flow allowed an unauthenticated attacker to control donation checkout metadata and obtain full paid gift memberships for a minimal payment without exposi…
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High 8.8
Integer overflow in V8 in Google Chrome prior to 150.0.7871.46 allowed a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code insi…
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High 8.3
Integer overflow in Skia in Google Chrome prior to 150.0.7871.46 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the rend…
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Critical 9.6
Integer overflow in Skia in Google Chrome prior to 150.0.7871.46 allowed a remote attacker to potentially perform a san…
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Medium 5.3
Integer overflow in ANGLE in Google Chrome on Windows prior to 150.0.7871.46 allowed a remote attacker who had compromi…
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Medium 6.5
Integer overflow in WebNN in Google Chrome prior to 150.0.7871.47 allowed a remote attacker to obtain potentially sensi…
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High 8.1
Integer overflow in Safe Browsing in Google Chrome on Mac prior to 150.0.7871.47 allowed a remote attacker to bypass na…
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High 8.8
Integer overflow in Fonts in Google Chrome prior to 150.0.7871.47 allowed a remote attacker to perform an out of bounds…
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High 8.3
Integer overflow in Skia in Google Chrome prior to 150.0.7871.47 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the rend…