Weakness (CWE)
CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
How to prevent it (6 mitigations)
-
Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
-
Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
-
Architecture and Design
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
-
Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
-
Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
-
Operation
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Source: MITRE CWE-601
1,070 results · Clear filters · Feed
-
Medium 4.7
Subdomain checking of whitelisted domains could allow unintended redirects
OAuth2 Proxy is an open-source reverse proxy and static file server that provides authentication using Providers (Google, GitHub, and others) to validate accounts by email, domain or group. In OAuth2 Proxy before version 7.0.0, for users that use the whitelis…
-
Medium 4.6
Cisco Smart Software Manager Satellite Open Redirect Vulnerability
A vulnerability in the web management interface of Cisco Smart Software Manager satellite could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to an undesired web page. The vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in…
-
Medium 4.7
Cisco Webex Meetings Open Redirect Vulnerability
A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Webex Meetings could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to an untrusted web page, bypassing the warning mechanism that should prompt the user before the redirection. This…
-
Medium 6.1
Dell Wyse Management Suite versions prior to 3.1 contain an open redirect vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attac…
-
Medium 6.1
Open Redirect in autobahn
Autobahn|Python before 20.12.3 allows redirect header injection.
-
Medium 6.1
Open redirect vulnerability
The Jupyter Server provides the backend (i.e. the core services, APIs, and REST endpoints) for Jupyter web applications like Jupyter notebook, JupyterLab, and Voila. In Jupyter Server before version 1.1.1, an open redirect vulnerability could cause the jupyte…
-
Medium 5.3
Keycloak vulnerable to Server-Side Request Forgery
A flaw was found in Keycloak before 13.0.0, where it is possible to force the server to call out an unverified URL using the OIDC parameter request_uri. This flaw allows an attacker to use this parameter to execute a Server-side request forgery (SSRF) attack.
-
Medium 6.1
OpenStack Horizon Open redirect in workflow forms
An issue was discovered in OpenStack Horizon before 15.3.2, 16.x before 16.2.1, 17.x and 18.x before 18.3.3, 18.4.x, and 18.5.x. There is a lack of validation of the "next" parameter, which would allow someone to supply a malicious URL in Horizon that can cau…
-
Medium 4.1
Open redirect in Jupyter Server
Jupyter Server before version 1.0.6 has an Open redirect vulnerability. A maliciously crafted link to a jupyter server could redirect the browser to a different website. All jupyter servers are technically affected, however, these maliciously crafted links ca…
-
Medium 4.4
Open redirect in Jupyter Notebook
Jupyter Notebook before version 6.1.5 has an Open redirect vulnerability. A maliciously crafted link to a notebook server could redirect the browser to a different website. All notebook servers are technically affected, however, these maliciously crafted link…
-
Medium 6.1
Open Redirect in werkzeug
Open redirect vulnerability in werkzeug before 0.11.6 via a double slash in the URL.
-
Medium 4.7
Open Redirect in touchbase.ai
touchbase.ai before version 2.0 is vulnerable to Open Redirect. Impacts can be many, and vary from theft of information and credentials, to the redirection to malicious websites containing attacker-controlled content, which in some cases even cause XSS attack…
-
Medium 4.7
Cisco Firepower Management Center Software Open Redirect Vulnerability
A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Firepower Management Center (FMC) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page. The vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the …
-
Medium 6.1
IProom MMC+ Server - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (Open Redirect')
IProom MMC+ Server login page does not validate specific parameters properly. Attackers can use the vulnerability to redirect to any malicious site and steal the victim's login credentials.
-
Medium 4.7
Cross-Site Scripting in TYPO3 Fluid Engine
TYPO3 Fluid Engine (package `typo3fluid/fluid`) before versions 2.0.5, 2.1.4, 2.2.1, 2.3.5, 2.4.1, 2.5.5 or 2.6.1 is vulnerable to cross-site scripting when making use of the ternary conditional operator in templates like `{showFullName ? fullName : defaultVa…
-
Medium 4.7
Open Redirect in Next.js
Next.js versions >=9.5.0 and <9.5.4 are vulnerable to an Open Redirect. Specially encoded paths could be used with the trailing slash redirect to allow an open redirect to occur to an external site. In general, this redirect does not directly harm users altho…
-
Medium 6.1
OAuth2 Redirect URL validity does not respect query parameters and character casing for loopback addresses
ORY Fosite is a security first OAuth2 & OpenID Connect framework for Go. In Fosite from version 0.30.2 and before version 0.34.1, there is an issue in which an an attacker can override the registered redirect URL by performing an OAuth flow and requesting a r…
-
Medium 6.1
Redirect URL matching ignores character casing
ORY Fosite is a security first OAuth2 & OpenID Connect framework for Go. In Fosite before version 0.34.1, the OAuth 2.0 Client's registered redirect URLs and the redirect URL provided at the OAuth2 Authorization Endpoint where compared using strings.ToLower w…
-
Medium 4.7
Cisco Managed Services Accelerator Open Redirect Vulnerability
A vulnerability in the web interface of Cisco Managed Services Accelerator (MSX) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page. The vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the parameters of an HTTP req…
-
Medium —
Open Redirect in apostrophe
Versions of `apostrophe` prior to 2.92.0 are vulnerable to Open Redirect. The package redirected requests to third-party websites if escaped URLs followed by a trailing `/` were appended at the end. ## Recommendation Update to version 2.92.0 or later.
-
Medium 6.1CVE-2020-15129 Scanner template
Open redirect in Traefik
In Traefik before versions 1.7.26, 2.2.8, and 2.3.0-rc3, there exists a potential open redirect vulnerability in Traefik's handling of the "X-Forwarded-Prefix" header. The Traefik API dashboard component doesn't validate that the value of the header "X-Forwar…
-
Medium 6.4CVE-2020-8559 Public exploit
Privilege escalation from compromised node to cluster
The Kubernetes kube-apiserver in versions v1.6-v1.15, and versions prior to v1.16.13, v1.17.9 and v1.18.6 are vulnerable to an unvalidated redirect on proxied upgrade requests that could allow an attacker to escalate privileges from a node compromise to a ful…
-
Medium 4.3
Open Redirect in OAuth2 Proxy
In OAuth2 Proxy from version 5.1.1 and less than version 6.0.0, users can provide a redirect address for the proxy to send the authenticated user to at the end of the authentication flow. This is expected to be the original URL that the user was trying to acc…
-
Medium 6.1
Mattermost Server mishandles redirect denial action
An issue was discovered in Mattermost Server before 4.2.0, 4.1.1, and 4.0.5, when used as an OAuth 2.0 service provider. It mishandles a deny action for a redirection.
-
Medium 4.7
Cisco Umbrella Open Redirect Vulnerability
A vulnerability in the web server of Cisco Umbrella could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to an undesired web page. The vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in an HTTP request that is sent to an …
-
Medium 5.7
Open redirect in wp_validate_redirect() in WordPress
In affected versions of WordPress, due to an issue in wp_validate_redirect() and URL sanitization, an arbitrary external link can be crafted leading to unintended/open redirect when clicked. This has been patched in version 5.4.2, along with all the previousl…
-
Medium 6.1
MediaWiki Open Redirect vulnerability
resources/src/mediawiki.page.ready/ready.js in MediaWiki before 1.35 allows remote attackers to force a logout and external redirection via HTML content in a MediaWiki page.
-
Medium 6.1
Knock Knock plugin Open redirection vulnerability
The Knock Knock plugin before 1.2.8 for Craft CMS allows malicious redirection.
-
Medium 5.3
PAN-OS: GlobalProtect registration open redirect
An open redirection vulnerability in the GlobalProtect component of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS allows an attacker to specify an arbitrary redirection target away from the trusted GlobalProtect gateway. If the user then successfully authenticates it will cause …
-
Medium 6.1
Open redirect in direct_mail
The direct_mail extension through 5.2.3 for TYPO3 has an Open Redirect via jumpUrl.
-
Medium 4.3
Cisco Firepower Management Center Open Redirect Vulnerability
A vulnerability in the web interface of Cisco Firepower Management Center (FMC) Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page. The vulnerability is due to improper input validation of HTTP request paramete…
-
Medium 6.1
Cisco Content Security Management Appliance Open Redirect Vulnerabilities
Multiple vulnerabilities in the web-based GUI of Cisco AsyncOS Software for Cisco Content Security Management Appliance (SMA) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page. The vulnerabilities are due to improper i…
-
Medium 6.1CVE-2020-11034 Scanner template
bypass of manageRedirect in GLPI
In GLPI before version 9.4.6, there is a vulnerability that allows bypassing the open redirect protection based which is based on a regexp. This is fixed in version 9.4.6.
-
Medium 6.1
gopkg.in/macaron.v1 Open Redirect vulnerability
macaron before 1.3.7 has an open redirect in the static handler, as demonstrated by the http://127.0.0.1:4000//example.com/ URL.
-
Medium 4.6
RSA Archer, versions prior to 6.7 P1 (6.7.0.1), contain a URL redirection vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attac…
-
Medium 6.1
Open redirect vulnerability in Sourcegraph
Sourcegraph before 3.15.1 has a vulnerable authentication workflow because of improper validation in the SafeRedirectURL method in cmd/frontend/auth/redirect.go, such as for the //foo//example.com substring.
-
Medium 4.1
Open redirection when using back parameter of PrestaShop
In PrestaShop between versions 1.7.6.0 and 1.7.6.5, there is an open redirection when using back parameter. The impacts can be many, and vary from the theft of information and credentials to the redirection to malicious websites containing attacker-controlled…
-
Medium 6.1
Open Redirect in xdLocalStorage
An issue was discovered in xdLocalStorage through 2.0.5. The buildMessage() function in xdLocalStorage.js specifies the wildcard (*) as the targetOrigin when calling the postMessage() function on the iframe object. Therefore any domain that is currently loade…
-
Medium 6.1
Open Redirect in Grav
Common/Grav.php in Grav before 1.7 has an Open Redirect. This is partially fixed in 1.6.23 and still present in 1.6.x.
-
Medium 5.4
Open redirect in Mozilla WebThings Gateway
An open redirect is present on the gateway's login page, which could cause a user to be redirected to a malicious site after logging in.