Weakness (CWE)
CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
How to prevent it (6 mitigations)
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Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
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Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
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Architecture and Design
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
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Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
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Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
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Operation
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Source: MITRE CWE-601
1,452 results · Feed
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Medium 6.1
Open redirect in the Liberty ID-FF service provider single sign-on flow
OpenAM (OpenAM Consortium Edition) 14.0.5 and earlier contains an open redirect vulnerability (CWE-601) in the Liberty ID-FF service provider single sign-on flow. The goto parameter of the /preLogin endpoint is stored as the RelayState of the Liberty ID-FF au…
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Medium 4.3
Dianping CAT Login/Logout Handler.java Handler.redirect
A flaw has been found in Dianping CAT 3.0.0/3.1.0/4.0-RC1. This affects the function Handler.redirect of the file Handler.java of the component Login/Logout. Executing a manipulation of the argument rtnUrl can lead to open redirect. The attack may be performe…
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Medium 4.3
IBM WebSphere Application Server Liberty prior to 26.0.0.11 is affected by multiple vulnerabilities
IBM WebSphere Application Server Liberty 17.0.0.3 through 26.0.0.10 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks.
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Medium 4.6
IBM QRadar SIEM is vulnerable to Open Redirect and Reflected XSS
IBM QRadar 7.5.0 through 7.5.0 Update Pack 16 Interim Fix 02, and 7.6.0.0 through 7.6.0.5 is vulnerable to Open Redirect. A victim must open a specifically crafted URL while authenticated to QRadar to trigger this.
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Medium 4.7
OpenAM before 16.1.4 Open Redirect via WS-Federation and SAML v2.0 Pages
OpenIdentityPlatform OpenAM before 16.1.4 contains an open redirect because WS-Federation logout, SAML v2.0 logout and name-identifier management, SAML v2.0 identity provider finder, and some authentication pages do not check destination URLs against allowed …
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Medium 4.7
OpenAM before 16.1.4 Open Redirect via SAML v2.0 RelayState
OpenAM before 16.1.4 contains an open redirect vulnerability that allows attackers to redirect users to external sites because RelayState is unchecked when no relayStateUrlList is configured. Attackers can craft single sign-on links with a malicious RelayStat…
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Medium 4.7
OpenAM before 16.1.4 Open Redirect via SAML 1.x Trusted-Partner Matching
OpenAM before 16.1.4 contains an open redirect vulnerability that allows remote attackers to redirect users after SAML 1.x single sign-on by exploiting loose trusted-partner destination matching. Attackers can craft links to /SAMLAwareServlet or /SAMLPOSTProf…
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Critical 9.6
Multiple Vulnerabilities in IBM API Connect
IBM API Connect 10.0.8.0 through 10.0.8.12 and 12.1.0.0 through 12.1.1.2 could allow a remote attacker to perform an account takeover due to an open redirect vulnerability. The redirect address used during sign-in is not sufficiently validated, which could al…
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Medium 4.7
HCL AION is affected by multiple security vulnerabilities.
HCL AION is affected by an open redirect vulnerability in the user menu of the GenAI web interface (UserMenu component). The redirect to the login page on logout used a URL taken from build configuration (NEXT_PUBLIC_LOGIN_URL) without validating the redirect…
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Medium 4.7
HCL AION is affected by multiple security vulnerabilities.
HCL AION is affected by an open redirect vulnerability in the session-handling logic of the GenAI web interface (UserContext component, line 89). A second redirect to the login page in this component used a URL taken from build configuration (NEXT_PUBLIC_LOGI…
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Medium 4.7
HCL AION is affected by multiple security vulnerabilities.
HCL AION is affected by an open redirect vulnerability in the session-handling logic of the GenAI web interface (UserContext component, line 78). The redirect to the login page used a URL taken from build configuration (NEXT_PUBLIC_LOGIN_URL) without validati…
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Medium 4.7
HCL AION is affected by multiple security vulnerabilities.
HCL AION is affected by an open redirect vulnerability on the user registration page (Signup component). The redirect performed after registration used the value of the 'redirect' query parameter without validation, so a crafted registration link could send a…
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Medium 4.7
HCL AION is affected by multiple security vulnerabilities.
HCL AION is affected by an open redirect vulnerability on the role assignment pending page (RoleAssignPending component). The redirect to the login page used a URL taken from build configuration (NEXT_PUBLIC_LOGIN_URL) without validating the redirect destinat…
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Medium 4.7
HCL AION is affected by multiple security vulnerabilities.
HCL AION is affected by an open redirect vulnerability in the navigation bar of the GenAI web interface (Navbar component). The switch-version action redirected the browser to a dynamically constructed URL (window origin + '/workspace') without validating the…
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Medium 4.3
OpenEMR: Unauthenticated Open Redirect via OIDC End Session Endpoint
OpenEMR is a free and open source electronic health records and medical practice management application. Prior to 8.3.0, userSessionLogout() in src/RestControllers/AuthorizationController.php uses decodeToken() to process an id_token_hint without verifying it…
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Medium 5.1
Open redirect vulnerability - UCMDB/Operations Bridge Manager
An Open Redirect vulnerability has been identified in OpenText™ Universal Discovery and CMDB. The vulnerability can be exploited only if an attacker sends a specially crafted URL containing a link to a malicious resource and a user subsequently follows that l…
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Low 3.4
Multiple vulnerabilities that affects IBM Db2 Genius Hub
IBM Db2 Genius Hub 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.4, 1.1.5 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to conduct a phishing attack due to an open redirect vulnerability.
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Medium 6.1
go-chi chi 5.2.2 through 5.5.0 Open Redirect via RedirectSlashes Middleware
go-chi chi 5.2.2 through 5.5.0 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the RedirectSlashes middleware that allows attackers to redirect victims to external hosts by embedding tab characters in request paths. Attackers can craft links with a URL-encoded tab…
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Medium 5.3
Symfony: HtmlSanitizer MetaRefreshAttributeSanitizer Matches Only a Narrow Subset of the Browser Refresh Grammar (Incomplete Fix for CVE-2026-48761)
The Symfony HtmlSanitizer component MetaRefreshAttributeSanitizer, introduced to fix CVE-2026-48761, sanitizes the refresh URL of content attributes of meta tags using a regular expression that is too narrow, allowing sanitization to be bypassed, and resultin…
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Unscored —
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl allow open redirects via HTML entity decoding of the URL after application validation in redirect
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl allow open redirects via HTML entity decoding of the URL after application validation in redirect. redirect decodes HTML entities in its URL before writing the Location header, so a URL the application has already validated c…
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Unscored —
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl allow open redirects and script injection via URLs built from REQUEST_URI in url and start_form
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl allow open redirects and script injection via URLs built from REQUEST_URI in url and start_form. url(-absolute=>1), url(-relative=>1) and the default start_form action are built from the client-supplied REQUEST_URI without va…
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Unscored —
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl trust the client X-Forwarded-Host header in url, self_url, virtual_host and virtual_port
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl trust the client X-Forwarded-Host header in url, self_url, virtual_host and virtual_port. These take the host name and port from the X-Forwarded-Host request header when present, and otherwise from Host, without validating ei…
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Medium 5.1
Angular: Open Redirect via Protocol-Relative URLs in Server-Side Rendering (SSR)
Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 20.3.33, 21.2.25, and 22.2.1, ServerPlatformLocation in Angular server-side rendering checks for protocol-relative URL…
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Medium 4.3
Atlas SQL JDBC Driver <=4.0.0: OIDC discovery endpoints not scheme-validated - attacker-controlled URI dispatched to OS protocol handler
A URI redirection weakness exists in the authentication component of the Atlas SQL JDBC Driver. During an interactive sign-in flow the driver accepts endpoint addresses supplied by the remote endpoint it is pointed at without validating their scheme, and pass…
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Medium 5.3
Open Redirection in extension "Mail" (mail)
The click tracking middleware accepts an arbitrary target URL and redirects to it. Attackers can misuse links to the website to redirect users to external sites.
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Medium 4.3
Open Redirect via Callback URL Validation in WSO2 Products Allows Phishing Attacks
The product fails to sufficiently validate callback URLs, allowing them to be manipulated with malicious payloads when processed through a weak regular expression or when validation is omitted. An attacker can exploit this by crafting a link that appears legi…
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Medium 5.4
Open Redirection via Unsanitized User Input in Multiple WSO2 Products Allows Phishing Attacks
The affected components accept user-supplied input for constructing redirection URLs without enforcing expected validation constraints. This allows an attacker to provide a crafted URL that can redirect users to an arbitrary external domain. By leveraging thi…
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Medium 6.8
Keycloak-services: keycloak-services: redirect uri domain allowlist bypass via dns resolution to loopback
A flaw was found in the secure-redirect-uris-enforcer client policy of Keycloak, an identity and access management solution. The issue occurs when the policy is configured to allow loopback addresses, as Keycloak resolves hostnames via DNS during validation. …
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High 7.5
An issue in the activity.LoadLinkLaterActivity component of FeedEx / Handy News Reader versionCode 116 allows attackers…
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Medium 4.7
Echo: Arbitrary Scheme Injection in WWWRedirect/NonWWWRedirect Middlewares via X-Forwarded-Proto
Echo is a Go web framework. Prior to 4.15.2 and 5.1.1, Context.Scheme returns values from X-Forwarded-Proto, X-Forwarded-Protocol, or X-Url-Scheme without validating that they are supported web schemes. WWWRedirect and NonWWWRedirect use that value to constru…
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Medium 6.1
Echo: Open Redirect via Control-Character Prefix Defeating sanitizeURI
Echo is a Go web framework. Prior to 4.16.0 and 5.4.0, sanitizeURI checks only the first two bytes of a redirect target before deciding whether it begins with an absolute-path separator pair. When AddTrailingSlash or RemoveTrailingSlash is configured with a r…
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Medium 4.7
Welcart e-Commerce < 2.12.6 - Unauthenticated Open Redirect via 'usces_referer' Parameter
The Welcart e-Commerce WordPress plugin before 2.12.6 does not validate a user-supplied URL before using it in a redirect, allowing unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external websites.
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High 7.5
Matrix homeserver could redirect the chat session to a local file or network share
When logging in to a Matrix account, Thunderbird used the homeserver address provided in the server's login response without validating it. A malicious or compromised homeserver could provide a file: URL, causing Thunderbird to send all further Matrix request…
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Critical 9.1
Calendar discovery accepted local file and remote network share locations
When looking for calendars in a directory on a server, during account setup or when adding a new network calendar, Thunderbird accepted calendar locations pointing to other servers, local files or network shares. A malicious server, or a network attacker when…
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High 7.5
Umbraco CMS before 17.7.2 and 18.2.2 Account Takeover via Host Header Poisoning
Umbraco CMS before 17.7.2 and 18.2.2 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to register attacker-controlled OAuth redirect URIs by poisoning the Host header. Attackers send signed-in users authorization links usi…
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Low 2.1
Tornado: Open redirect in RedirectHandler via protocol-relative URLs
Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Prior to 6.6, tornado.web.RedirectHandler URL templates can place regex-capture substitutions where crafted request paths change the redirect scheme or network location. Affected placement…
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Medium 6.1
nforwardauth: Unvalidated r parameter allows post-authentication open redirect
nforwardauth is a forward auth service that allows the use of a single authentication middleware for multiple sites. Versions prior to 1.5.1 accept an unvalidated `r` query parameter on the `/login` endpoint and use them as the post-authentication redirect de…
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Medium 5.4
An Open Redirect vulnerability exists in the public form submission endpoint (/form/submit) of Mautic. After a form is …
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Medium 4.3
gedelumbung HospitalManagement URL Validation routing_pages.php simpan redirect
A weakness has been identified in gedelumbung HospitalManagement up to c2d45543789a3887067d3915f69d44cfc2cf76a8. This affects the function simpan of the file application/modules/admin/controllers/routing_pages.php of the component URL Validation. This manipul…
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Low 2.6
Authlib: is_secure_transport() loopback exemption can be bypassed with a userinfo component, allowing cleartext-HTTP URLs to non-loopback hosts
Authlib is a Python library which builds OAuth and OpenID Connect servers. From 0.13 until 1.8.0, authlib.common.security.is_secure_transport() uses a textual prefix comparison for loopback HTTP exemptions, so a URL whose userinfo begins with a loopback host …