Weakness (CWE)
CWE-294: Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).
More detail
Capture-replay attacks are common and can be difficult to defeat without cryptography. They are a subset of network injection attacks that rely on observing previously-sent valid commands, then changing them slightly if necessary and resending the same commands to the server.
How to prevent it (2 mitigations)
-
Architecture and Design
Utilize some sequence or time stamping functionality along with a checksum which takes this into account in order to ensure that messages can be parsed only once.
-
Architecture and Design
Since any attacker who can listen to traffic can see sequence numbers, it is necessary to sign messages with some kind of cryptography to ensure that sequence numbers are not simply doctored along with content.
Source: MITRE CWE-294
85 results · Clear filters · Feed
-
Medium 6.0
Fireware OS Missing Authentication in FireCluster State Sync Allows BOVPN Tunnel Denial of Service
A missing authentication vulnerability in Fireware OS's FireCluster state synchronization feature allows an unauthenticated attacker positioned on the cluster synchronization network segment to force premature VPN tunnel termination by sending crafted cluster…
-
Medium 6.5
WebAuthn assertion replay permits second-factor bypass in Psono Server
Psono Server CE & EE versions 3.1.0 through 7.2.3 did not consume a stored WebAuthn challenge after assertion verification. An unauthenticated remote attacker who possessed the user's password and one captured valid WebAuthn assertion could replay that assert…
-
Medium 6.5
YesWiki from 4.6.2 before 4.7.0 HTTP Signature Replay via ActivityPub Inbox
YesWiki from 4.6.2 before 4.7.0 lacks replay protection in HttpSignatureService::verifySignature(), which never validates the Date header or tracks seen signatures. Attackers who capture a signed request to the /api/forms/{formId}/actor/inbox endpoint can rep…
-
Medium 6.8
A vulnerability has been identified in Mendix SAML (Mendix 10 compatible) (All versions < V4.2.4), Mendix SAML (Mendix …
-
Medium 4.2
Authlib: ID token can disable its own nonce validation via the nonce_supported claim
Authlib is a Python library which builds OAuth and OpenID Connect servers. Prior to 1.9.0, OpenIDMixin.parse_id_token() reads the nonce_supported decision from the untrusted ID token being validated and sets the expected nonce to null when that claim is the J…
-
Medium 6.4
FileRise: TOTP codes are not single-use — valid 6-digit code can be replayed within its window (capture-replay)
FileRise is a self-hosted web-based file manager with multi-file upload, editing, and batch operations. Prior to 3.23.0, FileRise verifies that a TOTP code is valid for the accepted time window but does not record that the same account and time step already s…
-
Medium 4.2
LDAP Account Manager: WebAuthn authentication challenge is kept in the PHP session
LDAP Account Manager (LAM) is a webfrontend for managing entries (e.g. users, groups, DHCP settings) stored in an LDAP directory. Prior to 9.6, installations with WebAuthn two-factor authentication leave the challenge in the same PHP session after the authent…
-
Medium 6.8
Authentication bypass OAuth device authorization flow in Devolutions Server 2026.3.7.0 and earlier allows a remote atta…
-
Medium 6.8
Authentication bypass in the Azure AD external login flow in Devolutions Server 2026.3.7.0 and earlier allows a remote …
-
Medium 5.9
http4k before 6.48.0.0 Digest Authentication Replay Protection Bypass
http4k's Digest authentication module (org.http4k:http4k-security-digest) before versions 6.48.0.0, 5.42.0.0 and 4.51.0.0 defaults the nonceVerifier parameter of ServerFilters.DigestAuth and DigestAuthProvider to { true }, so every nonce is accepted regardles…
-
Medium 6.8
mayswind ezBookkeeping before 2.0.0 TOTP Replay Attack
mayswind ezBookkeeping before 2.0.0 fails to invalidate TOTP passcodes after use, allowing attackers to replay captured codes within the acceptance window. Attackers with stolen credentials can authenticate and reuse a captured passcode against multiple autho…
-
Medium 4.7
On affected platforms running Arista EOS with VRRPv2 IP-AH authentication configured, an unauthenticated attacker within the same layer 2 network segment on which VRRP is running can capture a legitimate authenticated VRRP advertisement and replay it indef
On affected platforms running Arista EOS with VRRPv2 IP-AH authentication configured, an unauthenticated attacker within the same layer 2 network segment on which VRRP is running can capture a legitimate authenticated VRRP advertisement and replay it indefini…
-
Medium 5.9
Http4s: DigestAuth allows replay of captured requests
Http4s is a Scala interface for HTTP services. Prior to 0.23.35 and 1.0.0-M47, DigestAuth replay protection records lastNc plus one instead of the highest nonce-count value it has accepted. When a legitimate client sends noncontiguous nc values because of par…
-
Medium 6.1
PocketMine-MP 3.x before 3.27.0 Authentication Bypass via Login Replay
PocketMine-MP 3.x (before 3.27.0) does not implement Minecraft Bedrock protocol encryption, so the server cannot verify that a connecting client possesses the private key corresponding to its login token. An attacker who captures a valid login from another pl…
-
Medium 4.7
Open edX LTI OAuth Replay Attack
Open edX Platform enables the authoring and delivery of online learning at any scale. Prior to commit 3a5ac85, a security vulnerability has been identified in the Open edX LMS platform's LTI (Learning Tools Interoperability) Provider implementation. The valid…
-
Medium 6.8
SAML assertion replay via skipped InResponseTo validation
When SAML IdP-initiated login is enabled in Grafana Enterprise, the SAML library skips validation of the InResponseTo field on all SAML responses, including SP-initiated logins. This removes anti-replay protection, allowing an attacker who obtains a valid sig…
-
Medium 6.5
Filament: Multi-factor authentication (app) codes can still be used after a newer code has been used
Filament is a collection of full-stack components for accelerated Laravel development. From 4.0.0 until 4.12.6 and 5.7.6, packages/panels/src/Auth/MultiFactor/App/AppAuthentication.php uses AppAuthentication::verifyCode() with a used-code cache key derived fr…
-
Medium 5.4
Rodauth before 2.47.0 TOTP Code Reuse via Drift Window
Rodauth before 2.47.0 contains a time-based one-time password reuse vulnerability in the otp feature that fails to track the last accepted code timestamp. Attackers who observe a valid TOTP code can replay it during the drift window to bypass the second authe…
-
Medium 6.5
Zephyr WireGuard mutates peer state before anti-replay check, enabling capture-replay endpoint hijack
Zephyr's WireGuard VPN data-plane receive handler wg_process_data_message() in subsys/net/lib/wireguard/wg_crypto.c validated the anti-replay counter too late. After AEAD decryption of a MESSAGE_TRANSPORT_DATA packet succeeded, the code committed several peer…
-
Medium 5.3
WordPress Forminator plugin <= 1.57.1 - Other vulnerability Type vulnerability
Unauthenticated Other Vulnerability Type in Forminator <= 1.57.1 versions.
-
Medium 6.8
Etherpad: Device-to-device author-token transfer endpoint is replayable, never expires, and exposes the cleartext author token
Etherpad is a real-time collaborative editor. From 2.6.0 until 3.1.0, Etherpad's src/node/hooks/express/tokenTransfer.ts uses POST /tokenTransfer to store an author token for transfer between browsers and exposes it through GET /tokenTransfer/{uuid}. Although…
-
Medium 6.8
IBM i is Affected By Multiple Vulnerabilities in Navigator for i
IBM i 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, and 7.3 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to bypass security restrictions due to improper validation of a session token.
-
Medium 6.5
Craft CMS before 5.10.5 WebAuthn Assertion Replay via login-with-passkey
Craft CMS before 5.10.5 fails to persist updated credential counters after WebAuthn assertion validation in the passkey login endpoint. Attackers can replay captured login request bodies containing requestOptions and response to create additional authenticate…
-
Medium 6.4
Keycloak-services: keycloak-services: saml onetimeuse assertion replay in idp-initiated broker flow
A flaw was found in the SAML broker component of Keycloak, an identity and access management solution. When configured as a SAML broker using the IdP-Initiated flow, Keycloak fails to enforce the OneTimeUse condition in SAML assertions. This allows an attacke…
-
Medium 6.9
ClearanceKit's signed policy tables lack monotonic counter, allowing replay of older legitimately-signed snapshots
ClearanceKit intercepts file-system access events on macOS and enforces per-process access policies. Prior to version 5.0.10, each table in the on-disk SQLite policy store (`/Library/Application Support/clearancekit/store.db`) is verified using an ECDSA signa…
-
Medium 5.3
Sipeed PicoClaw LINE Webhook line.go webhook.ParseRequest authentication replay
A security flaw has been discovered in Sipeed PicoClaw up to 0.2.9. This affects the function webhook.ParseRequest of the file pkg/channels/line/line.go of the component LINE Webhook. The manipulation results in authentication bypass by capture-replay. The at…
-
Medium 5.5
HCL DFXAnalytics is affected by an Account Takeover via Response Manipulation vulnerability.
HCL DFXAnalytics is affected by an Account Takeover via Response Manipulation vulnerability. A remote attacker can intercept and alter the contents of the server's HTTP responses before they reach the client application, allowing them to manipulate the authen…
-
Medium 6.4
Logto: TOTP code can be replayed within the RFC 6238 validity window (one-time use violation)
Logto is the modern, open-source auth infrastructure for SaaS and AI apps. Prior to 1.41.0, Logto's existing TOTP verification accepted a successfully used TOTP code again while the code remained inside the RFC 6238 acceptance window because the verifier used…
-
Medium 5.9
CoreWCF: SAML token replay protection is inoperative
CoreWCF is a port of the service side of Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) to .NET Core. Prior to 1.8.1 and 1.9.1, CoreWCF SAML token replay protection is inoperative because DefaultTokenReplayCache.TryAdd does not reject duplicate tokens when DetectRepl…
-
Medium 6.5
Alps Electric Co., Ltd. R53R0 Remote Keyless Entry System (RKES) Replay Attack
Remote Keyless Entry System (RKES), using the 433 MHz key fob bearing FCC ID CWTR53R0 manufactured by ALPS ALPINE CO., LTD., is vulnerable to a roll-back attack against its rolling-code authentication. An attacker within RF range who records two consecutive …
-
Medium 5.3
Multiple vulnerabilities affect IBM Db2® on Cloud Pak for Data, and Db2 Warehouse on Cloud Pak for Data.
IBM Db2 on Cloud Pak for Data and Db2 Warehouse on Cloud Pak for Data versions 4.8, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 could allow an authenticated user to bypass client-side validation and manipulate input data using man in the middle techniques.
-
Medium 6.3
Apache APISIX: Session replay issue in hmac-auth
Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay vulnerability in Apache APISIX. Attacker can benefit from certain configurations in hmac-auth to re-use a token forever, bypassing expiry. This issue affects Apache APISIX: from 3.11.0 through 3.16.0. Users are recommen…
-
Medium 4.3
Indian Scout Bobber 2025 Infotainment-to-WCM weak authentication allows recovery of user PIN from observed exchange
Weak authentication in the Wireless Control Module (WCM) of the Indian Motorcycle Scout Bobber + Tech 2025 model year allows an adjacent-network attacker with read access to the in-vehicle network to recover the user-set unlock PIN by passively observing a si…
-
Medium 5.9
Microsoft UFO accepts cross-device TASK_END messages by session_id only, allowing peer task-result injection
Microsoft UFO open-source framework for intelligent automation across devices and platforms. In 3.0.1-4-ge2626659, Microsoft UFO's constellation client tracks pending task responses by session_id only and does not verify that a TASK_END message came from the …
-
Medium 6.8
Keycloak: org.keycloak.authentication: keycloak: unauthorized account takeover via webauthn token replay
A flaw was found in Keycloak. This authentication vulnerability allows a remote attacker to replay `ExecuteActionsActionToken` tokens within Keycloak's WebAuthn (Web Authentication) flow. By intercepting an execute-actions email link, an attacker can register…
-
Medium 5.3
cross-proxy Digest auth state leak
Successfully using libcurl to do a transfer over a specific HTTP proxy (`proxyA`) with **Digest** authentication and then changing the proxy host to a second one (`proxyB`) for a second transfer, reusing the same handle, makes libcurl wrongly pass on the `Pro…
-
Medium 6.3
Keylime: keylime: security bypass due to hardcoded tpm quote nonce
A flaw was found in Keylime. An attacker with root access on an enrolled monitored machine, where the Keylime agent runs, can exploit a vulnerability in the Keylime verifier. The verifier uses a hardcoded challenge nonce for Trusted Platform Module (TPM) quot…
-
Medium 4.2
OpenClaw < 2026.3.31 - Webhook Replay Cache Cross-Target messageId Scope Bypass
OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a scope bypass vulnerability in webhook replay cache deduplication that allows authenticated attackers to replay messages across sibling targets using the same messageId. Attackers can exploit overly broad cache keying to by…
-
Medium 5.3
OpenClaw < 2026.3.31 - Webhook Replay Detection Bypass via Base64 Signature Re-encoding
OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a replay detection bypass vulnerability in webhook signature handling that treats Base64 and Base64URL encoded signatures as distinct requests. Attackers can re-encode Telnyx webhook signatures to bypass replay detection whi…
-
Medium 5.3
OpenClaw < 2026.3.31 - Callback Origin Mutation in Plivo Voice-call Replay
OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a callback origin mutation vulnerability in Plivo voice-call replay that allows attackers to mutate in-process callback origin before replay rejection. Attackers with captured valid callbacks for live calls can exploit this …