Weakness (CWE)
CWE-436: Interpretation Conflict
Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.
Source: MITRE CWE-436
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High 8.2
Remark42: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) on /api/v1/img via content-type spoofing
Remark42 is a self-hosted comment engine for blogs, articles, or any other place where readers can add comments. Versions 1.6.0 through 1.15.0 contain a Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability exploitable through content-type spoofing. The Remark42 image pro…
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High 7.0
Fedify has an LD-Signature Bypass via JSON-LD Named-Graph Restructuring
Fedify is a TypeScript library for building federated server apps powered by ActivityPub. Prior to versions 1.9.11, 1.10.10, 2.0.18, 2.1.14, and 2.2.3, an attacker can make use of JSON-LD features to restructure a JSON-LD document that would change how Fedify…
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High 8.7
authentik: SAML NameID XML Comment Injection Enables Authentication Bypass via Identifier Truncation
authentik is an open-source identity provider. Versions 2025.12.4 and prior, and versions 2026.2.0-rc1 through 2026.2.2 were vulnerable to Authentication Bypass through SAML NameID XML Comment Injection. Due to how authentik extracted the NameID value from a …
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High 7.5
Flight: HTTP method override enabled by default enables CSRF escalation and middleware bypass in flightphp/core
Flight is an extensible micro-framework for PHP. Prior to 3.18.1, Request::getMethod() unconditionally honors the X-HTTP-Method-Override header and the $_REQUEST['_method'] parameter on any HTTP verb (including safe verbs such as GET), with no opt-in and no w…
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High 7.8
Heimdall: Authorization bypass via path normalization mismatch
Heimdall is a cloud native Identity Aware Proxy and Access Control Decision service. Prior to version 0.17.14, Heimdall performs rule matching on the raw (non-normalized) request path, while downstream components may normalize dot-segments according to RFC 39…
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High 7.8
Heimdall: Case-sensitive host matching may lead to policy bypass
Heimdall is a cloud native Identity Aware Proxy and Access Control Decision service. Prior to version 0.17.14, Heimdall performs host matching in a case-sensitive manner, while HTTP hostnames are case-insensitive. This discrepancy can result in heimdall faili…
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High 7.8
Heimdall: Case-sensitive handling of URL-encoded slashes may lead to inconsistent path interpretation
Heimdall is a cloud native Identity Aware Proxy and Access Control Decision service. Prior to version 0.17.14, Heimdall handles URL-encoded slashes (%2F) in a case-sensitive manner, while percent-encoding is defined to be case-insensitive. As a result, the lo…
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High 7.9
Server-side request forgery vulnerability in GitHub Enterprise Server notebook viewer via URL parser confusion
A server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability was identified in the GitHub Enterprise Server notebook viewer that allowed an attacker to access internal services by exploiting URL parser confusion between the validation layer and the HTTP request library…
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High 7.5
fast-uri vulnerable to host confusion via percent-encoded authority delimiters
fast-uri normalize() decoded percent-encoded authority delimiters inside the host component and then re-emitted them as raw delimiters during serialization. A host that combined an allowed domain, an encoded at-sign, and a different domain was re-emitted with…
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High 7.4
@fastify/middie vulnerable to middleware bypass via deprecated ignoreDuplicateSlashes option
@fastify/middie versions 9.3.1 and earlier are vulnerable to middleware bypass when the deprecated Fastify ignoreDuplicateSlashes option is enabled. The middleware path matching logic does not account for duplicate slash normalization performed by Fastify's r…
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High 7.1
OpenClaw < 2026.3.11 - Node-Host Approval UI Mismatch Allows Execution of Unintended Commands
OpenClaw before 2026.3.11 contains an approval-integrity vulnerability in node-host system.run approvals that displays extracted shell payloads instead of the executed argv. Attackers can place wrapper binaries and induce wrapper-shaped commands to execute lo…
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High —
Improper handling of null Unicode character when parsing JSON in github.com/modelcontextprotocol/go-sdk
The Go SDK recently transitioned to the `segmentio/encoding` library for JSON parsing in version 1.3.1. While this change addressed both case-insensitivity and ASCII folding issues, the new parser implemented aggressive key matching that treated keys with `nu…
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High 7.8
Header Email Address Parsing
SEPPmail Secure Email Gateway before version 15.0.1 incorrectly interprets email addresses in the email headers, causing an interpretation conflict with other mail infrastructure that allows an attacker to fake the source of the email or decrypt it.
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High 7.0
MCP Go SDK Vulnerable to Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
The Go MCP SDK used Go's standard encoding/json.Unmarshal for JSON-RPC and MCP protocol message parsing in versions prior to 1.3.1. Go's standard library performs case-insensitive matching of JSON keys to struct field tags — a field tagged json:"method" would…
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High —
Fickling: OBJ opcode call invisibility bypasses all safety checks
# Assessment The interpreter so it behaves closer to CPython when dealing with `OBJ`, `NEWOBJ`, and `NEWOBJ_EX` opcodes (https://github.com/trailofbits/fickling/commit/ff423dade2bb1f72b2b48586c022fac40cbd9a4a). # Original report ## Summary All 5 of fickling's…
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High 7.5
Interpretation Conflict in GitLab
GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 18.4 before 18.6.6, 18.7 before 18.7.4, and 18.8 before 18.8.4 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to cause denial of service through memory or CPU exhaustion by bypassing …
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High 7.5
Fastify's Content-Type header tab character allows body validation bypass
Fastify is a fast and low overhead web framework, for Node.js. Prior to version 5.7.2, a validation bypass vulnerability exists in Fastify where request body validation schemas specified by Content-Type can be completely circumvented. By appending a tab chara…
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High 8.6
CVE-2025-12816
An interpretation-conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and earlier enables unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass downstream cryptographi…
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High 7.5
Nodemailer: nodemailer: email to an unintended domain can occur due to interpretation conflict
A vulnerability was identified in the email parsing library due to improper handling of specially formatted recipient email addresses. An attacker can exploit this flaw by crafting a recipient address that embeds an external address within quotes. This causes…
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High 7.7
RatPanel can perform remote command execution without authorization
RatPanel is a server operation and maintenance management panel. In versions 2.3.19 through 2.5.5, when an attacker obtains the backend login path of RatPanel (including but not limited to weak default paths, brute-force cracking, etc.), they can execute syst…
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High 8.1
Git allows arbitrary code execution through broken config quoting
Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. When reading a config value, Git strips any trailing carriage return and line feed (CRLF). W…
KEV Aug 25, 2025 -
High 8.5
Git LFS permits exfiltration of credentials via crafted HTTP URLs
Git LFS is a Git extension for versioning large files. When Git LFS requests credentials from Git for a remote host, it passes portions of the host's URL to the `git-credential(1)` command without checking for embedded line-ending control characters, and then…
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High 7.4
Carriage-return character in remote URL allows malicious repository to leak credentials in Git Credential Manager
Git Credential Manager (GCM) is a secure Git credential helper built on .NET that runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux. The Git credential protocol is text-based over standard input/output, and consists of a series of lines of key-value pairs in the format `key=…
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High 7.5
Name confusion in x509 Subject Alternative Name fields
In phpseclib before 1.0.22, 2.x before 2.0.46, and 3.x before 3.0.33, some characters in Subject Alternative Name fields in TLS certificates are incorrectly allowed to have a special meaning in regular expressions (such as a + wildcard), leading to name confu…
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High 7.5
btcd susceptible to consensus failures
btcd before 0.24.0 does not correctly implement the consensus rules outlined in BIP 68 and BIP 112, making it susceptible to consensus failures. Specifically, it uses the transaction version as a signed integer when it is supposed to be treated as unsigned. T…
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High 7.4
Amavis before 2.12.3 and 2.13.x before 2.13.1, in part because of its use of MIME-tools, has an Interpretation Conflict…
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High 8.3
Authentik lacks Proxy IP headers validation
authentik is an open-source Identity Provider. Prior to versions 2023.4.3 and 2023.5.5, authentik does not verify the source of the X-Forwarded-For and X-Real-IP headers, both in the Python code and the go code. Only authentik setups that are directly accessi…
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High 7.5
There is a misinterpretation of input vulnerability in Huawei Printer. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability ma…
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High 7.5
There is a misinterpretation of input vulnerability in BiSheng-WNM FW 3.0.0.325. Successful exploitation of this vulner…
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High 7.5
There is a misinterpretation of input vulnerability in BiSheng-WNM FW 3.0.0.325. Successful exploitation could lead to …
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High 7.5
In ModSecurity before 2.9.6 and 3.x before 3.0.8, HTTP multipart requests were incorrectly parsed and could bypass the …
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High 7.5
Apache Shiro before 1.11.0, when used with Spring Boot 2.6+, may allow authentication bypass through a specially crafted HTTP request
When using Apache Shiro before 1.11.0 together with Spring Boot 2.6+, a specially crafted HTTP request may cause an authentication bypass. The authentication bypass occurs when Shiro and Spring Boot are using different pattern-matching techniques. Both Shiro …
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High 8.8
HTTP response splitting in CGI
The cgi gem before 0.1.0.2, 0.2.x before 0.2.2, and 0.3.x before 0.3.5 for Ruby allows HTTP response splitting. This is relevant to applications that use untrusted user input either to generate an HTTP response or to create a CGI::Cookie object.
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High 8.7
Broken Authorization in ZITADEL Actions
ZITADEL combines the ease of Auth0 and the versatility of Keycloak.**Actions**, introduced in ZITADEL **1.42.0** on the API and **1.56.0** for Console, is a feature, where users with role.`ORG_OWNER` are able to create Javascript Code, which is invoked by the…
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High 8.0
Crafted link in Zulip message can cause disclosure of credentials
Zulip is an open source team chat and Zulip Mobile is an app for iOS and Andriod users. In Zulip Mobile through version 27.189, a crafted link in a message sent by an authenticated user could lead to credential disclosure if a user follows the link. A patch w…
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High 7.5
NFX250, NFX350, QFX5K Series, EX2300 Series, EX3400 Series, EX4300 Multigigabit, EX4600 Series: Certain genuine traffic received by the Junos OS device will be discarded instead of forwarded.
An improper interpretation conflict of certain data between certain software components within the Juniper Networks Junos OS devices does not allow certain traffic to pass through the device upon receipt from an ingress interface filtering certain specific ty…