Weakness (CWE)
CWE-441: Unintended Proxy or Intermediary
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere.
How to prevent it (2 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
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Architecture and Design
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for
transactions between two other components, the proxy core
should not drop the identity of the initiator of the
transaction. The immutability of the identity of the
initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the
way to the target.
Source: MITRE CWE-441
244 results · Feed
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Medium 5.0
OpenClaw 2026.4.5 through 2026.4.19 - MiniMax API Host Override via Workspace dotenv
OpenClaw versions 2026.4.5 before 2026.4.20 contain an environment variable injection vulnerability allowing workspace dotenv to override MINIMAX_API_HOST. Attackers can redirect credentialed MiniMax API requests to attacker-controlled origins, exposing the M…
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High 8.3
pyload-ng: non-admin SETTINGS users can redirect all outbound traffic through an attacker-controlled proxy
pyLoad is a free and open-source download manager written in Python. Prior to 0.5.0b3.dev100, the set_config_value() API method (@permission(Perms.SETTINGS)) in src/pyload/core/api/__init__.py gates security-sensitive options behind a hand-maintained allowlis…
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Low 2.2
GrapheneOS before 2026050400 allows attackers to discover the real IP address of a VPN user as a consequence of a regis…
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Critical 9.1
Plack::Middleware::XSendfile versions through 1.0053 for Perl can allow client-controlled path rewriting
Plack::Middleware::XSendfile versions through 1.0053 for Perl can allow client-controlled path rewriting. Plack::Middleware::XSendfile allows the variation setting (sendfile type) to be set by the client via the X-Sendfile-Type header, if it is not considered…
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Medium 5.4
OpenClaw < 2026.3.31 - Sender Allowlist Bypass via Graph API Thread History
OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a sender allowlist bypass vulnerability in MS Teams thread history fetched via Graph API. Attackers can retrieve thread messages that should be filtered by sender allowlists, bypassing message filtering restrictions.
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Medium 5.3
go-kratos http.DefaultServeMux Fallback server.go NewServer confused deputy
A security flaw has been discovered in go-kratos kratos up to 2.9.2. This impacts the function NewServer of the file transport/http/server.go of the component http.DefaultServeMux Fallback Handler. The manipulation results in unintended intermediary. The atta…
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High 7.2
Axios: Incomplete Fix for CVE-2025-62718 — NO_PROXY Protection Bypassed via RFC 1122 Loopback Subnet (127.0.0.0/8) in Axios 1.15.0
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, an attacker who can influence the target URL of an Axios request can use any address in the 127.0.0.0/8 range (other than 127.0.0.1) to completely bypass the NO_PROX…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2026-23751 Public exploit
Kofax Capture 6.0.0.0 Unauthenticated File Read/Write & SMB Coercion via .NET Remoting
Kofax Capture, now referred to as Tungsten Capture, version 6.0.0.0 (other versions may be affected) exposes a deprecated .NET Remoting HTTP channel on port 2424 via the Ascent Capture Service that is accessible without authentication and uses a default, publ…
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High 8.1
kyverno apicall servicecall implicit bearer token injection leaks kyverno serviceaccount token
Kyverno is a policy engine designed for cloud native platform engineering teams. Prior to 1.16.4, kyverno’s apiCall servicecall helper implicitly injects Authorization: Bearer ... using the kyverno controller serviceaccount token when a policy does not explic…
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High 7.0
Unisys WebPerfect Image Suite 3.0 NTLMv2 Hash Leakage via .NET Remoting
Unisys WebPerfect Image Suite versions 3.0.3960.22810 and 3.0.3960.22604 expose a deprecated .NET Remoting TCP channel that allows remote unauthenticated attackers to leak NTLMv2 machine-account hashes by supplying a Windows UNC path as a target file argument…
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Medium 6.8
Aiven Operator has cross-namespace secret exfiltration via ClickhouseUser connInfoSecretSource
Aiven Operator allows you to provision and manage Aiven Services from your Kubernetes cluster. From 0.31.0 to before 0.37.0, a developer with create permission on ClickhouseUser CRDs in their own namespace can exfiltrate secrets from any other namespace — pro…
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Medium 6.3
Axios has a NO_PROXY Hostname Normalization Bypass that Leads to SSRF
Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.0 and 0.31.0, Axios does not correctly handle hostname normalization when checking NO_PROXY rules. Requests to loopback addresses like localhost. (with a trailing dot) or [::1] (I…
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High 8.2
FastMCP: Missing Consent Verification in OAuth Proxy Callback Facilitates Confused Deputy Vulnerabilities
FastMCP is the standard framework for building MCP applications. Prior to version 3.2.0, while testing the GitHubProvider OAuth integration, which allows authentication to a FastMCP MCP server via a FastMCP OAuthProxy using GitHub OAuth, it was discovered tha…
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Medium 6.5
Astro: Unauthenticated Path Override via `x-astro-path` / `x_astro_path`
Astro is a web framework. Prior to version 10.0.2, the @astrojs/vercel serverless entrypoint reads the x-astro-path header and x_astro_path query parameter to rewrite the internal request path, with no authentication whatsoever. On deployments without Edge Mi…
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High 8.4
In gmc_ddr_handle_mba_mr_req of gmc_mba_ddr.c, there is a possible escalation of privileges due to a confused deputy. T…
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Medium 5.3CVE-2026-30225 Public exploit
OliveTin: RestartAction always runs actions as guest
OliveTin gives access to predefined shell commands from a web interface. Prior to version 3000.11.1, an authentication context confusion vulnerability in RestartAction allows a low‑privileged authenticated user to execute actions they are not permitted to run…
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Critical 9.9CVE-2026-28466 Public exploit
OpenClaw < 2026.2.14 - Remote Code Execution via Node Invoke Approval Bypass
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.14 contain a vulnerability in the gateway in which it fails to sanitize internal approval fields in node.invoke parameters, allowing authenticated clients to bypass exec approval gating for system.run commands. Attackers with…
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High 8.4
In hasInteractAcrossUsersFullPermission of AppInfoBase.java, there is a possible cross-user permission bypass due to a …
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High 8.4CVE-2026-0013 Public exploit
In setupLayout of PickActivity.java, there is a possible way to start any activity as a DocumentsUI app due to a confus…
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High 8.4
In multiple functions of FaceEnroll.kt, there is a possible privilege escalation due to a confused deputy. This could l…
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High 7.8
In executeRequest of ActivityStarter.java, there is a possible launch anywhere due to a confused deputy. This could lea…
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High 8.4
In multiple functions of MediaProvider.java, there is a possible external storage write permission bypass due to a conf…
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High 7.2
Coturn: IPv4-mapped IPv6 (::ffff:0:0/96) bypasses denied-peer-ip ACL
Coturn is a free open source implementation of TURN and STUN Server. Coturn is commonly configured to block loopback and internal ranges using "denied-peer-ip" and/or default loopback restrictions. CVE-2020-26262 addressed bypasses involving "0.0.0.0", "[::1]…
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High 7.2
An unintended proxy or intermediary in the AMD power management firmware (PMFW) could allow a privileged attacker to se…
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Critical 9.3
Improper Validation in Conduit-derived homeservers resulting in Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
continuwuity is a Matrix homeserver written in Rust. This vulnerability allows an attacker with a malicious remote server to cause the local server to sign an arbitrary event upon user interaction. Upon a user account leaving a room (rejecting an invite), joi…
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High 8.1
Skipper Ingress Controller Allows Unauthorized Access to Internal Services via ExternalName
Skipper is an HTTP router and reverse proxy for service composition. Prior to version 0.24.0, when running Skipper as an Ingress controller, users with permissions to create an Ingress and a Service of type ExternalName can create routes that enable them to u…
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Critical 9.4
Nuvation Energy nCloud Client-to-Client Communication
A vulnerability in Nuvation Energy nCloud VPN Service allowed Network Boundary Bridging.This issue affected the nCloud VPN Service and was fixed on 2025-12-1 (December, 2025). End users do not have to take any action to mitigate the issue.
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High 7.9
Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller Proxy service allows arbitrary BMS access
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary vulnerability in Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) allows Network Boundary Bridging.This issue affects Multi-Stack Controller (MSC): through and including release 2.5.1.
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Medium 5.0
Gitea sometimes mishandles propagation of token scope for access control within one of its own package registries
Gitea before 1.22.2 sometimes mishandles the propagation of token scope for access control within one of its own package registries.
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Critical 9.9
Conduit-derived homeservers are affected by a Confused Deputy and Improper Input Validation issue
Conduit is a chat server powered by Matrix. A vulnerability that affects a number of Conduit-derived homeservers allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to force the target server to cryptographically sign arbitrary membership events. Affected products incl…
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High 8.7
Insights-runtimes-tech-preview/runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator: improper proxy configuration allows unauthorized administrative commands
A flaw was found in runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator. An internal proxy component is incorrectly configured. Because of this flaw, the proxy attaches the cluster's main administrative credentials to any command it receives, instead of only the specific repor…
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Medium 5.5
In onCreateTasks of CameraActivity.java, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lea…
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High 7.8
In validateIconUserBoundary of PrintManagerService.java, there is a possible cross-user image leak due to a confused de…
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Medium 6.6
In multiple locations, there is a possible way to alter the primary user's face unlock settings due to a confused deput…
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High 7.8
In onActivityResult of EditFdnContactScreen.java, there is a possible way to leak contacts from the work profile due to…
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High 7.8
In multiple functions of NotificationStation.java, there is a possible cross-profile information disclosure due to a co…
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High 7.8
In grantAllowlistedPackagePermissions of SettingsSliceProvider.java, there is a possible way for a third party app to m…
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High 7.8
In multiple locations, there is a possible way to leak audio files across user profiles due to a confused deputy. This …
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Medium 6.9
fastify-reply-from bypass of reply forwarding
fastify-reply-from is a Fastify plugin to forward the current HTTP request to another server. Prior to 12.5.0, by crafting a malicious URL, an attacker could access routes that are not allowed, even though the reply.from is defined for specific routes in @fas…
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Medium 5.8
Rack has Possible Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, and 3.2.3, a possible information disclosure vulnerability existed in `Rack::Sendfile` when running behind a proxy that supports `x-sendfile` headers (such as Nginx). Specially cra…