Weakness (CWE)
CWE-470: Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code
The product uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.
More detail
An attacker could supply values to select unexpected classes or methods. If this occurs, then the attacker could create control flow paths that were not intended by the developer. These paths could bypass authentication or access control checks, or otherwise cause the product to behave in an unexpected manner. This situation becomes a doomsday scenario if the attacker can upload files into a location that appears on the product's classpath (CWE-427) or add new entries to the product's classpath (CWE-426). Under either of these conditions, the attacker can use reflection to introduce new, malicious behavior into the product.
How to prevent it (3 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Refactor your code to avoid using reflection.
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Architecture and Design
Do not use user-controlled inputs to select and load classes or code.
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Implementation
Apply strict input validation by using allowlists or indirect selection to ensure that the user is only selecting allowable classes or code.
Source: MITRE CWE-470
32 results · Clear filters · Feed
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Critical 9.8CVE-2026-90436 Public exploit
Apache Axis 1.x (EOL): unauthenticated remote class instantiation via SOAP fault exceptionName
** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Deserialization of an inbound SOAP fault in Apache Axis 1.x allows unauthenticated remote class instantiation. When a SOAP <Fault> carries a <detail><exceptionName> element, Axis loads the named class and, if a String <data> el…
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Critical 10.0
Apache Juneau: Unsafe reflection allows attacker-controlled class initialization during parsing
Improper control of dynamically-loaded code vulnerability in Apache Juneau. When Apache Juneau parses a value into a property of type java.lang.Class (including parameterized forms), the default class swap loaded the named class with initialization enabled, s…
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Critical 9.8
CVE-2026-16306
Remote Code Execution in the `IModular.exe` URI handler in INFINITT Healthcare Co., Ltd. INFINITT PACS allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to invoke unintended application functionality and potentially execute arbitrary code via a crafted `imodular:// UR…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2026-116692 Public exploit
MLflow: Remote code execution on unauthenticated MLflow servers via third-party scorer deserialization importing caller-placed artifact modules
MLflow is an open source AI engineering platform for agents, large language models, and machine learning models. From 3.12.0rc0 until 3.17.0, third-party scorer deserialization in mlflow/genai/scorers/base.py accepts request-selected descendants of THIRD_PART…
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Critical 9.9
Arbitrary file read and backend crash through unrestricted provider method calls
Postiz lets a signed-in user ask the backend to run a function on one of their connected channels. The backend did not restrict which functions can be requested, so a user could call internal helper functions that were never meant to be reachable from the web…
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Critical 9.8
Apache Johnzon: ClassConverter loads & static-initializes an attacker-named class from untrusted JSON
Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache Johnzon. ClassConverter loads & static-initializes an attacker-named class from untrusted JSON. This issue affects Apache Johnzon: from 1.0.0 before 2.2…
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Critical 9.1
YAML versions before 1.30 for Perl allow a loaded document to trigger the DESTROY method of arbitrary classes
YAML versions before 1.30 for Perl allow a loaded document to trigger the DESTROY method of arbitrary classes. A perl/hash:Class tag blesses a hash into the class it names. The document supplies the object's fields, and Perl calls DESTROY when it goes out of …
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Critical 10.0
Kobako Vulnerable to Sandbox Escape: guest eval reaches host RCE via method_missing → public_send (any bound Service)
Kobako is a Ruby gem that embeds a Wasm-isolated mruby interpreter inside applications, allowing execution of untrusted Ruby scripts (LLM-generated code, user formulas, student submissions, third-party plugins) in-process without giving them access to host me…
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Critical 9.8
DBI versions before 1.653 for Perl load arbitrary modules via unvalidated dbm_type and dbm_mldbm attributes in DBD::DBM
DBI versions before 1.653 for Perl load arbitrary modules via unvalidated dbm_type and dbm_mldbm attributes in DBD::DBM. DBD::DBM passes the dbm_type and dbm_mldbm connect attributes to require without checking that the value names a module. require treats a …
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Critical 9.8
Data deletion and attribute disclosure via field-name method injection in in-memory queries
Mongoid contains an unsafe reflection weakness in the query path used for embedded documents. An application that passes an externally supplied field name to certain in-memory query methods may allow an unauthenticated party to obtain unintended disclosure of…
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Critical 9.1
Document deletion and process crash via unvalidated method-name dispatch in atomic pop operation
Mongoid contains an unsafe reflection weakness in the document persistence layer of its object-document mapping code. Input whose keys are passed through from an unauthenticated party by an embedding application can cause unintended internal method invocation…
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Critical 9.8
OpenAM: Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution via Class.forName in AuthXMLUtils.createCustomCallback
Open Access Management (OpenAM) is an access management solution. Prior to 16.1.2, the pre-authentication /authservice PLL endpoint accepts a CustomCallback XML element whose className value selects an arbitrary Java class for AuthXMLUtils to load and instant…
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Critical 9.8
Apache Nutch: Unauthenticated reflection-based job execution in Nutch Server (Nutch REST API)
Missing Authorization, Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache Nutch Server (Nutch REST API). This issue affects Apache Nutch: from 1.10 through 1.22. Users are recommended to upgrade to versi…
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Critical 9.1CVE-2026-58400 Exploited
GeoNetwork vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via unsafe Saxon XSLT processor configuration in formatter
GeoNetwork is a catalog application to manage spatially referenced resources. Prior to versions 4.4.12 and 4.2.17, the Saxon XSLT processor used to render formatters is configured without secure processing (`FEATURE_SECURE_PROCESSING`) and without disabling J…
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Critical 9.8
Yamcs: Remote Code Execution via instance-template argument YAML injection (createInstance)
Yamcs is a mission control framework. Prior to 5.12.8 and 5.13.2, Yamcs inserts templateArgs from POST /api/instances and PATCH /api/instances/{instance} into YAML through VarStatement.append in yamcs-core/src/main/java/org/yamcs/templating/VarStatement.java …
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Critical 9.4
PaperCut MF/NG: Unsafe Dynamic Class Loading in Database Connector
An unsafe dynamic class loading vulnerability exists in the database connection utilities of PaperCut MF and PaperCut NG. The application instantiates database driver classes based on configurable driver names without validating against an allowlist of approv…
KEV Aug 31, 2026 -
Critical 9.1
Form::Processor::Field::HtmlArea versions from 0.06 through 1.162360 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion via an HTML::Tidy diagnostic that validate passes to add_error as a Locale::Maketext template
Form::Processor::Field::HtmlArea versions from 0.06 through 1.162360 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion via an HTML::Tidy diagnostic that validate passes to add_error as a Locale::Maketext template. validate runs HTML::Ti…
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Critical 9.1
HTML::FormHandler versions before 0.410000 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template
HTML::FormHandler versions before 0.410000 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template. add_error …
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Critical 9.8
Apache Ranger: Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary Class Instantiation
Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary Class Instantiation in plugin-schema-registry component in Apache Ranger <= 2.8.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.9.0, which fixes this issue.
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Critical 9.8
Yamcs: Remote Code Execution via Mission Database algorithm override
Yamcs is a mission control framework. Prior to 5.12.7, the Nashorn ScriptEngine used to evaluate user-supplied JavaScript algorithm text in yamcs-core/src/main/java/org/yamcs/algorithms/ScriptAlgorithmExecutorFactory.java was constructed without a ClassFilter…
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Critical 9.8
Apache IoTDB: Arbitrary Class Instantiation via Pipe Transfer RPC
Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache IoTDB. The pipe processor reads a fully qualified Java class name and instantiates it using Class.forName().newInstance() without any validation or allo…
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Critical 9.8
Apache OpenNLP: Arbitrary Class Instantiation via Model Manifest in ExtensionLoader
Arbitrary Class Instantiation via Model Manifest in Apache OpenNLP ExtensionLoader Versions Affected: before 1.9.5, before 2.5.9, before 3.0.0-M3 Description: The ExtensionLoader.instantiateExtension(Class, String) method loads a class by its fully-qualified…
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Critical 10.0
Barracuda RMM < 2025.1.1 Service Center Insecure Reflection RCE
Barracuda Service Center, as implemented in the RMM solution, in versions prior to 2025.1.1, does not correctly verify the name of an attacker-controlled WSDL service, leading to insecure reflection. This can result in remote code execution through either inv…
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Critical 9.1
In pig-mesh Pig versions 3.8.2 and below, when setting up scheduled tasks in the Quartz management function under the s…
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Critical 9.8
HTML Cache Poisoning through Unsafe Reflections
Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Sitecore Sitecore Experience Manager (XM), Sitecore Experience Platform (XP) allows Cache Poisoning.This issue affects Sitecore Experience Manager (XM): from 9…
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Critical 9.1
Telerik Report Server Insecure Type Resolution
In Progress Telerik Report Server versions prior to 2024 Q3 (10.2.24.924), a remote code execution attack is possible through object injection via an insecure type resolution vulnerability.
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Critical 9.8
Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Mitsubishi Electric…
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Critical 9.0
SailPoint IdentityIQ Unsafe use of Reflection Vulnerability
IdentityIQ 8.3 and all 8.3 patch levels prior to 8.3p3, IdentityIQ 8.2 and all 8.2 patch levels prior to 8.2p6, IdentityIQ 8.1 and all 8.1 patch levels prior to 8.1p7, IdentityIQ 8.0 and all 8.0 patch levels prior to 8.0p6 allow an authenticated user to invok…
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Critical 9.8
The vSphere Client (HTML5) contains a remote code execution vulnerability due to lack of input validation in the Virtua…
KEV Nov 3, 2021 -
Critical 9.8
Sandbox bypass vulnerability in Jenkins Script Security Plugin
A sandbox bypass vulnerability in Jenkins Script Security Plugin 1.55 and earlier allows attackers to invoke arbitrary constructors in sandboxed scripts.
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Critical 9.8
Sandbox bypass vulnerability in Jenkins Pipeline: Groovy Plugin
A sandbox bypass vulnerability in Jenkins Pipeline: Groovy Plugin 2.64 and earlier allows attackers to invoke arbitrary constructors in sandboxed scripts.
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Critical 9.8
Deserialization of Untrusted Data in Bouncy castle
Legion of the Bouncy Castle Legion of the Bouncy Castle Java Cryptography APIs 1.58 up to but not including 1.60 contains a CWE-470: Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in XMSS/XMSS^MT private key d…