Weakness (CWE)
CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
How to prevent it (6 mitigations)
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Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
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Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
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Architecture and Design
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
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Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
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Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
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Operation
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Source: MITRE CWE-601
1,068 results · Clear filters · Feed
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Medium 6.1
Adobe Commerce | URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') (CWE-601)
Adobe Commerce is affected by an Improper Redirect (Open Redirect) vulnerability that could result in a Security feature bypass. An attacker could construct a malicious URL that redirects a victim to an attacker-controlled site. Exploitation of this issue req…
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Medium 5.1
Symfony: UrlGenerator Dot-Segment Encoding Skips Every Other Chained `../` or `./` → Generated URL Collapses Off-Route Under RFC 3986 Normalization
Symfony is a PHP framework for web and console applications and a set of reusable PHP components. Prior to 5.4.53, 6.4.41, 7.4.13, and 8.0.13, UrlGenerator::doGenerate() used strtr() dot-segment encoding that skipped every other chained ../ or ./ segment, all…
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Medium 4.0
An open redirect in Ivanti Xtraction before version 2026.2.1 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect users…
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Medium 5.9
Drupal core - Less critical - Cache poisoning and open redirect - SA-CORE-2026-007
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Drupal Drupal core allows Content Spoofing. This issue affects Drupal core versions: from 0.0.0 to 10.5.12, from 10.6.0 to 10.6.11, from 11.2.0 to 11.2.14, from 11.3.0 to 11.3.12, from 0.0.0…
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Medium 6.1
Snipe-IT: Open Redirect After User Edit
Snipe-IT is an IT asset/license management system. Prior to 8.6.2, the user edit flow stores url()->previous() from the attacker-controlled Referer header into Laravel’s intended URL session value and later uses redirect()->intended(...) when redirect_option=…
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Medium 4.1
n8n - Cross-Site Scripting and Open Redirect in Form Node
n8n before 1.123.24, 2.10.4, and 2.12.0 (across its 1.x and 2.x branches) contains cross-site scripting and open redirect vulnerabilities in the Form Node due to unsanitized HTML description fields and overly permissive iframe sandbox policies. Authenticated …
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Medium 5.1
CakePHP: Open redirect weakness via backslash bypass
CakePHP Authentication is an authentication plugin for CakePHP that can also be used in PSR-7 based applications. Prior to 2.11.1, 3.3.6, and 4.1.1, the getLoginRedirect() method contains a weakness to backslash bypasses that allows redirect targets with atta…
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Medium 6.9
CiliumLocalRedirectPolicy addressMatcher allows cross-namespace service traffic hijacking and can break service translation
Cilium is a networking, observability, and security solution. Prior to 1.17.16, from 1.18.2 to 1.18.9, and from 1.19.0 to 1.19.3, users with the ability to create CiliumLocalRedirectPolicies can specify arbitrary ClusterIPs via addressMatcher, enabling hijack…
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Medium 4.3
kirilkirkov Ecommerce-CodeIgniter-Bootstrap Trusted Backend MY_Controller.php setReferrer redirect
A vulnerability was found in kirilkirkov Ecommerce-CodeIgniter-Bootstrap up to 95dfa8cebbb87ab46ae450643a07241274a74dce. Affected by this issue is the function setReferrer of the file application/core/MY_Controller.php of the component Trusted Backend Interfa…
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Medium 6.1
Gitea redirect handling permits open redirects through backslash paths
Gitea versions up to and including 1.25.4 allow redirect bypasses through raw or percent-encoded backslashes in redirect_to values.
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Medium 6.9
UrlShortener defaults to ineffective validation open to third-party redirects
URL redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki - UrlShortener Extension allows Cross-Site Flashing. This issue affects Mediawiki - UrlShortener Extension: from * before 1.43.9, 1.44.6, 1.45.4.
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Medium 4.3
Invoice Ninja 5.13.26 - Open Redirect in Client Portal Login via intended Parameter
Invoice Ninja through 5.13.26 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the client portal login that allows unauthenticated attackers to redirect authenticated victims to attacker-controlled external URLs by injecting a malicious value into the intended quer…
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Medium 5.9
Unauthenticated Open Redirect Vulnerability on TP-Link Archer AX20 Web Interface
An unauthenticated URL redirection vulnerability has been identified in Archer AX20 V2 due to improper validation of user-supplied URL input within the web interface. An unauthenticated attacker can craft URLs containing URL-encoded path traversal sequences.…
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Medium 6.1
Cacti: Open Redirect via HTTP_REFERER substring check in auth_login_redirect
Cacti is an open source performance and fault management framework. Versions 1.2.30 and prior are vulnerable to Open Redirect through a substring check rather than a host check at str_contains($referer, CACTI_PATH_URL). When the user's login_opts == '1' (redi…
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Medium 5.4
Gogs: Open Redirect via redirect_to in Gogs
Gogs is an open source self-hosted Git service. Prior to 0.14.3, an open redirect vulnerability exists in Gogs where attacker-controlled redirect_to parameters can bypass validation, allowing redirection to arbitrary external sites. All redirects in Gogs that…
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Medium 5.3
Lack of input validation in Mailerup input parameter leads to Open Redirect
Open redirect vulnerability (CWE-601) in the _safe_redirect function of the click-tracking endpoint (/c/<token>/) in Mailerup <1.0.0 on all platforms allows remote unauthenticated attackers to redirect victims to arbitrary external sites and conduct phishing …
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Medium 4.7
Flask-Security has an Open Redirect issue
# Open Redirect in Flask-Security ## Summary `flask_security.utils.validate_redirect_url()` can allow an attacker-controlled redirect URL when subdomain redirects are enabled. The bypass uses a backslash inside the URL authority/host: ```text http://evil.com\…
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Medium 5.1
NocoDB: Open Redirect via Hash Fragment in hashRedirect Plugin
NocoDB is software for building databases as spreadsheets. Prior to 2026.04.1, the client-side hashRedirect plugin called window.location.replace() on a path extracted from the URL hash fragment after only checking hashPath.startsWith('/'). Protocol-relative …
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Medium 6.1
WebOb: Location header normalization during redirect leads to open redirect
WebOb provides objects for HTTP requests and responses. Prior to 1.8.10, the normalization of the HTTP Location header during a redirect is vulnerable to an open redirect: WebOb joins the redirect target to the request URI using Python's urljoin, and since Py…
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Medium 6.1
Nuxt - Open Redirect via Protocol-Relative Paths in reloadNuxtApp
Nuxt versions 4.0.0 before 4.4.7 and 3.x before 3.21.7 accept protocol-relative paths such as //evil.com in the reloadNuxtApp function; these pass the script-protocol check but resolve to a cross-origin URL against the current page protocol. Attackers can inj…
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Medium 6.1
Nuxt - Server-Side Open Redirect via Path-Normalization Bypass in navigateTo
Nuxt versions 4.0.0 before 4.4.7 and 3.x before 3.21.7 contain a server-side open redirect vulnerability in navigateTo that fails to properly validate path-normalized payloads like /..//evil.com and /.//evil.com. Attackers can bypass external-host checks usin…
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Medium 5.4
Authlib OAuth 2.0 authorization endpoint open redirects to attacker-controlled redirect_uri on unsupported response_type
Authlib is a Python library which builds OAuth and OpenID Connect servers. Prior to 1.6.10 and 1.7.1, Authlib's OAuth 2.0 authorization endpoint can be turned into an unauthenticated open redirect when a request uses an unsupported response_type and supplies …
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Medium 5.1
Open redirect
An unvalidated redirect was contained in Venueless' social login functionality and could be exploited for phishing using trusted domains.
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Medium 4.3
lemonldap-ng SAML Common Domain Cookie Endpoint CDC.pm redirect
A vulnerability was detected in lemonldap-ng up to 2.23.0. Impacted is an unknown function in the library lemonldap-ng-portal/lib/Lemonldap/NG/Portal/CDC.pm of the component SAML Common Domain Cookie Endpoint. Performing a manipulation of the argument url res…
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Medium 4.7
Capgo - Open Redirect via confirmation_url Parameter
Capgo before 12.128.2 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the confirm-signup endpoint that allows attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external websites. The confirmation_url parameter is not validated, enabling attackers to craft malicious links f…
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Medium 5.3
Open Redirect Vulnerability in Password Reset Submission in GridTime™ 3000 GNSS Time Server
The GridTime 3000 GNSS Time Server has an open redirect vulnerability in the password change form submission. This issue affects GridTime 3000: from 1.0r0.03 through 1.1r0.0.
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Medium 4.3
pgAdmin 4: Open redirect in multi-factor authentication flow via unvalidated 'next' parameter
Open redirect in pgAdmin 4's multi-factor authentication flow. The MFA validate and register endpoints honoured the user-supplied 'next' query/form parameter without confirming the target pointed back inside pgAdmin, so an authenticated victim who clicked /mf…
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Medium 4.3
A vulnerability in the browser-based version of Cisco Webex App could have allowed an unauthenticated, remote attacker …
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Medium 4.3
Dell PowerFlex Manager, version(s) prior to 5.1.0.1, contain(s) a Host Header Injection vulnerability. An unauthenticat…
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Medium 5.1
Open redirection vulnerability in Password Manager
Open redirection vulnerability in the authentication system allows an attacker to use manipulated values in the X-Forwarded-Host header to alter the URLs generated by the application. A successful exploit could redirect authenticated users to malicious sites …
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Medium 5.1
Open redirection vulnerability in Password Manager
Open redirection vulnerability due to insufficient validation of the X-Forwarded-Host HTTP header. An attacker could create manipulated links that, when opened by a victim, cause the victim to be redirected to domains controlled by the attacker, enabling phis…
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Medium 6.8
Nezha Monitoring: OAuth2 Redirect URL — Host Header Injection
Nezha Monitoring is a self-hostable, lightweight, servers and websites monitoring and O&M tool. From version 1.0.0 to before version 2.2.0, the getRedirectURL function in oauth2.go:22-29 constructs the OAuth2 callback URL by concatenating the request's Host h…
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Medium 6.1
Aqara IAM/SSO Gateway open redirect
The Aqara IAM/SSO Gateway (gw-builder.aqara.com) provides an open redirect, which is an instance of "CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site," with an estimated CVSS of CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N (6.1 Medium), which can be used to set up …
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Medium 5.4
Umbraco.Cms: Open Redirect Vulnerability in Surface Controllers
Umbraco is an ASP.NET CMS. Prior to versions 13.14.0 and 17.4.0, some of the Surface Controllers in the CMS provide to support member related operations fail to validate redirect URLs, making Razor templates that derive 'RedirectUrl' from user-controlled quer…
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Medium 6.1
Roxy-WI: Open redirect on /login?next= via basic-auth userinfo syntax bypass
Roxy-WI is a web interface for managing Haproxy, Nginx, Apache and Keepalived servers. In versions 8.2.6.4 and prior, the login flow allow-lists next URLs by rejecting strings containing https:// or http:// substrings, then constructs https://{request.host}{n…
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Medium 4.3
Jenkins: Open Redirect phishing attacks possible via "from" parameter in "Delegate to servlet container"
Jenkins 2.567 and earlier, LTS 2.555.2 and earlier does not ensure that the "from" parameter in the "Delegate to servlet container" security realm is safe to redirect to after login, allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks by redirecting users to an at…
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Medium 4.3
Jenkins Open Redirect Through Newline/Tab Characters in Redirect URL
Jenkins 2.567 and earlier, LTS 2.555.2 and earlier improperly determines that a redirect URL after login is legitimately pointing to Jenkins when it contains tab or newline characters between `//`, allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks.
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Medium 4.3
Jenkins Open Redirect via Relative Path Segments in Post-Login Redirect URL
Jenkins 2.567 and earlier, LTS 2.555.2 and earlier improperly determines that a redirect URL after login is legitimately pointing to Jenkins when it contains relative path segments (`./` or `../`), allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks.
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Medium 6.1
Open Redirect When Using CookieRequestCache
Spring Security's CookieRequestCache and CookieServerRequestCache store the pre-authentication request URL in a browser cookie so that users can be redirected back to their intended destination after a successful login. In affected versions, the full absolute…
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Medium 6.1
Spring Security Authorization Server Open Redirect via request_uri
Spring Security Authorization Server's authorization endpoint performs insufficient validation of the request_uri parameter. An attacker can craft a malicious authorization request containing an invalid request_uri and an arbitrary, unvalidated redirect_uri, …