Weakness (CWE)
CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
How to prevent it (7 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.
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Architecture and Design
Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
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Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
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Testing
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
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Operation
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
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Operation
Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).
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Implementation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
Source: MITRE CWE-94
5,297 results · Feed
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Medium 6.3
CartoDB carto-api-client filters.ts addFilter prototype pollution
A vulnerability has been found in CartoDB carto-api-client 0.5.29. This impacts the function addFilter of the file src/filters.ts. Such manipulation of the argument column leads to improperly controlled modification of object prototype attributes. The attack …
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Medium 6.3
RobinHerbots Inputmask Internal Deep Merge Helper extend.js extendAliases prototype pollution
A vulnerability was found in RobinHerbots Inputmask up to 5.0.9. Affected by this issue is the function extendDefaults/extendDefinitions/extendAliases in the library lib/dependencyLibs/extend.js of the component Internal Deep Merge Helper. The manipulation re…
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High 7.8CVE-2026-9147 Public exploit
uproot 5.7.4 and prior Code Injection via TStreamerInfo Metadata
uproot dynamically generates Python class source code from ROOT TStreamerInfo records in a file and compiles it at runtime. Some file-controlled streamer metadata fields (for example, streamer element names) are interpolated into the generated Python source w…
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High 8.7
VMware Avi Load Balancer Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
VMware Avi Load Balancer contains a remote code execution vulnerability. A malicious authenticated user with network access may be able to inject and execute code. Affected versions: 32.1.1 (fixed in 32.1.2) 31.1.1 through 31.2.2 (fixed in 31.2.2-2p3) 30.1.1 …
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High 8.7
VMware Avi Load Balancer Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
VMware Avi Load Balancer contains a remote code execution vulnerability. A malicious user with network access may be able to access the Avi Control plane and execute code remotely. Affected versions: 32.1.1 (fixed in 32.1.2) 31.1.1 through 31.2.2 (fixed in 31…
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High 8.8
Parameter Injection Vulnerability in API Graph Execution Engine
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 allows authenticated users to override component parameters at runtime via the API. A critical security flaw exists in the parameter filtering mechanism within the `apply_tweaks()` function.
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Critical 9.9
Remote Code Execution via Code Validation Endpoint
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 contain a critical remote code execution vulnerability in the code validation API endpoint. The POST /api/v1/validate/code endpoint accepts user-supplied Python code and executes it directly using Python's built-in exec()…
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Critical 9.9
Arbitrary Code Execution in Python Interpreter Component
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 allows authenticated users to escalate privileges to superuser by directly manipulating the database, execute arbitrary system commands, and achieve full system compromise with Langflow service permissions.
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Critical 9.9
Policies Component Dynamic CodeInput Fields Bypass Custom Component Validation
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 Langflow versions up to 1.9.2 (commit 94981c443d4918517b9e8163d70fc598dc33a32d) contain a code injection vulnerability in the Policies component's ToolGuard integration that bypasses the allow_custom_components=false secu…
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Low 3.5
AstrBotDevs AstrBot T2I Feature base.py NetworkRenderStrategy.render cross site scripting
A security vulnerability has been detected in AstrBotDevs AstrBot up to 4.25.2. Affected by this issue is the function Star.text_to_image/NetworkRenderStrategy.render of the file astrbot/core/star/base.py of the component T2I Feature. The manipulation leads t…
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Critical 9.8
Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution via Auto-Login Bypass and Code Validation
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.0 allows unauthenticated attackers to chain /api/v1/auto_login (mints SUPERUSER tokens to any network caller) with /api/v1/validate/code (executes user code via exec()) to achieve full RCE on default Langflow deployments
KEV Aug 4, 2026 -
High 7.8
IBM® Data Server driver for JDBC and SQLJ is vulnerable to remote code execution when jdbc url is under user control
IBM Db2 11.5.0 through 11.5.9, and 12.1.0 through 12.1.4 is vulnerable to remote code execution when jdbc url is under user control.
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Medium 6.3
sagold json-schema-library propertyDependencies.ts parsePropertyDependencies prototype pollution
A security vulnerability has been detected in sagold json-schema-library 11.5.0/11.5.1. This impacts the function parsePropertyDependencies of the file src/keywords/propertyDependencies.ts. The manipulation leads to improperly controlled modification of objec…
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Critical 9.1CVE-2026-52199 Public exploit
An issue in Generic OEM UZ801_v2.1 4G LTE Router V3.4.3 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the sbin…
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Critical 9.9
Frogman: Dialplan template parameters interpolated into extensions_custom.conf without escaping
Frogman provides headless PBX control through MCP and HTTP API. Prior to 1.6.2, fm_dialplan_apply accepted template parameters including greeting, dest, url, extension, code, and file, and Tools/DialplanApply.php wrote Dialplan/Templates.php output to extensi…
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Critical 9.1
Yamcs: Authenticated Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Jython Algorithm Code Injection
Yamcs is a mission control framework. Prior to 5.12.7, the Yamcs script evaluation engine for Python algorithms dynamically compiled and evaluated user-controlled algorithm text using Jython through the JSR-223 ScriptEngine API without enforcing a secure sand…
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Critical 9.8
Yamcs: Remote Code Execution via Mission Database algorithm override
Yamcs is a mission control framework. Prior to 5.12.7, the Nashorn ScriptEngine used to evaluate user-supplied JavaScript algorithm text in yamcs-core/src/main/java/org/yamcs/algorithms/ScriptAlgorithmExecutorFactory.java was constructed without a ClassFilter…
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Critical 9.1
Yamcs: Server-Side Code Injection (RCE) via Janino Expression Engine in `JavaExprAlgorithmExecutionFactory`
Yamcs is a mission control framework. Prior to 5.12.7, a server-side code injection vulnerability existed in the Yamcs algorithm evaluation engine org.yamcs.algorithms.JavaExprAlgorithmExecutionFactory, which dynamically compiled and evaluated user-controlled…
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High 8.7
Prompty: Arbitrary code execution via JavaScript frontmatter in TypeScript loader
Prompty is a markdown file format (.prompty) for LLM prompts. From 2.0.0-alpha.1 until 2.0.0-beta.3, the @prompty/core TypeScript loader in runtime/typescript/packages/core/src/core/loader.ts used gray-matter without overriding executable js and javascript fr…
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Critical 9.3
Kiota: Arbitrary file write + code-injection via x-ms-kiota-info clientClassName and clientNamespaceName
Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.29.1 and 1.32.5, Kiota emitted x-ms-kiota-info clientClassName and clientNamespaceName values without identifier or path sanitization as both generated client class or namespace names and genera…
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Critical 9.3
Kiota: Command injection via x-ms-kiota-info dependencyInstallCommand surfaced by `kiota info`
Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.29.1 and 1.32.5, `kiota info` read x-ms-kiota-info.languagesInformation.<language>.dependencyInstallCommand plus dependency name and version values from an OpenAPI description and presented the …
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High 8.7
Kiota: Code Generation Literal Injection in the PHP Generator
Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.29.1 and 1.32.4, Kiota's PHP generator embedded OpenAPI description, default fields, property names, and other schema-derived strings into PHP double-quoted literals through SanitizeDoubleQuote(…
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High 7.5
Kiota: Code Generation Literal Injection in the Python Generator
Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.29.1 and 1.32.0, Kiota's Python generator let attacker-controlled enum value descriptions from x-ms-enum.values[].description flow through KiotaBuilder.SetEnumOptions into Documentation.Descript…
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High 7.5
Kiota: Code Generation Literal Injection in Kiota Ruby Generator
Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.29.1 and 1.32.0, Kiota's Ruby generator embedded OpenAPI default fields, property names, and other schema-derived strings through CodeMethodWriter.cs and SanitizeForQuotedLiteral() in Writers/St…
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High 8.7
Kiota: XML Doc-Comment Newline Breakout Code Injection
Kiota is an OpenAPI based HTTP Client code generator. Prior to 1.29.1 and 1.32.3, Kiota is affected by a code-generation injection vulnerability in the C# XML documentation-comment sink (the description, externalDocs label, and externalDocs link fields emitte…
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High 8.8
MaaAssistantArknights: PR-title expression injection in release-preparation.yml
MaaAssistantArknights is a one-click tool for daily Arknights tasks. In the current dev-v2 workflow, .github/workflows/release-preparation.yml inlined attacker-controlled github.event.pull_request.title into a run: shell command during the pull_request opened…
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Critical 9.0
DataEase: RCE Vulnerability
DataEase is an open source data visualization and analysis tool. Prior to 2.10.23, DataEase Redshift datasource connections can load attacker-controlled rsjdbc.ini configuration from System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"), setting socketFactory=org.springframew…
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High 7.2
TDengine: UDF lead to RCE
TDengine is an open source, time-series database optimized for Internet of Things devices. Prior to 3.4.1.15, a user with create udf privilege could upload a crafted shared library and install it as a user-defined function, such as eval, then execute arbitrar…
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High 8.4
PraisonAI before 1.6.78 Remote Code Execution via Plugin Auto-Discovery
PraisonAI (praisonaiagents) before 1.6.78 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in the plugin manager, which loads and executes arbitrary Python (.py) files from project-level and user-home .praisonai/plugins/ directories using importlib spec_from_fi…
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High 7.8
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 Code Injection via API deployment generator
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 fails to safely encode deployment configuration values when generating Python source code for API servers. Attackers can inject arbitrary Python expressions through the deploy.api.host and agents_file configuration parameters that exec…
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High 8.8
Grav Flex Objects - Server-Side Template Injection via Dynamic Titles
The bundled Grav Flex Objects plugin (getgrav/grav-plugin-flex-objects) before 1.4.0 contains a stored server-side template injection vulnerability. When rendering dynamic collection or object titles, the plugin passes user-controlled frontmatter values (page…
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Critical 9.8
xszyou Fay 4.3.1 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in its MCP STDIO server management and command executio…
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High 8.4
jadx: RCE Via Groovy Code Injection in Gradle Export
jadx is a Dex to Java decompiler. Prior to 1.5.6, jadx inserts the android:versionName value from an AndroidManifest into the generated app/build.gradle Groovy template without proper sanitization when exporting a decompiled APK as an Android Gradle project. …
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High 8.7
Twig: Arbitrary PHP code execution via `_self.(<string>)` macro-reference compilation
Twig is a template language for PHP. From 3.15.0 until 3.26.0, _self.(<string>) and import-alias dynamic attribute syntax can concatenate an attacker-controlled string into a MacroReferenceExpression name without identifier validation, causing raw PHP to be e…
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High 8.7
Twig: PHP code injection via `{% use %}` template name
Twig is a template language for PHP. Starting in 1.15.1 and prior to 3.26.0, Compiler::string() does not escape single quotes when a template name from a {% use %} tag is placed inside a PHP single-quoted string literal, allowing a crafted template name to te…
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Critical 9.9
ColdFusion | Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') (CWE-94)
ColdFusion is affected by an Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. A low-privileged attacker could exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitr…
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High 7.2
Post-authentication improper control of generation of code ('Code Injection') vulnerability has been identified in the …
KEV Jul 14, 2026 -
High 7.8
.NET Framework Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Improper control of generation of code ('code injection') in .NET Framework allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
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Medium 4.3
SourceCodester Class and Exam Timetabling System exam.php cross site scripting
A vulnerability was identified in SourceCodester Class and Exam Timetabling System 1.0. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file /exam.php. Such manipulation of the argument day leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to la…
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Medium 6.5
Windows Admin Center Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Improper authentication in Windows Admin Center allows an authorized attacker to disclose information over a network.