Weakness (CWE)
CWE-98: PHP Remote File Inclusion"
The PHP application receives input from an upstream component, but it does not restrict or incorrectly restricts the input before its usage in "require," "include," or similar functions.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
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Architecture and Design
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
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Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When validating filenames, use stringent lists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
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Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Many file inclusion problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, especially for cookies and URL components.
Source: MITRE CWE-98
1,361 results · Feed
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High 7.5
WordPress ekommart theme < 4.3.1 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Opal_WP ekommart ekommart allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects ekommart: from n/a through < 4.3.1.
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High 7.5
WordPress Select Core plugin < 2.6 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Select-Themes Select Core select-core allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Select Core: from n/a through < 2.6.
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High 8.8
WordPress Wilmër theme < 3.5 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Mikado-Themes Wilmër wilmer allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Wilmër: from n/a through < 3.5.
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Medium 4.3
An issue was discovered in file index.php in Xinhu Rainrock RockOA 2.7.0 allowing attackers to gain sensitive informati…
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High 8.1
My auctions allegro <= 3.6.32 - Unauthenticated Local File Inclusion via controller
The My auctions allegro plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 3.6.32 via the 'controller' parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to include and execute arbitrary files on the …
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Critical 9.8
dcat-admin v2.2.3-beta and before is vulnerable to file inclusion in admin/src/Extend/VersionManager.php.
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Medium 6.6
WordPress Easy Invoice plugin <= 2.1.4 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in MatrixAddons Easy Invoice easy-invoice allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Easy Invoice: from n/a through <= 2.1.4.
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Critical 9.8CVE-2025-63888 Public exploit
The read function in file thinkphp\library\think\template\driver\File.php in ThinkPHP 5.0.24 contains a remote code exe…
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Critical 9.8
Unauthenticated Local File Inclusion in php module
An unauthenticated remote attacker can execute arbitrary php files and gain full access of the affected devices.
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High 8.8
Category and Product Woocommerce Tabs <= 1.0 - Authenticated (Contributor+) Local File Inclusion
The Category and Product Woocommerce Tabs plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Local File Inclusion in all versions up to, and including, 1.0. This is due to insufficient input validation on the 'template' parameter in the categoryProductTab() function. This…
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Medium 5.8CVE-2025-64714 Public exploit
PrivateBin's template-switching feature allows arbitrary local file inclusion through path traversal
PrivateBin is an online pastebin where the server has zero knowledge of pasted data. Starting in version 1.7.7 and prior to version 2.0.3, an unauthenticated Local File Inclusion exists in the template-switching feature. If `templateselection` is enabled in t…
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High 8.7
DBLTek GoIP-1 vGHSFVT-1.1-67-5 Unauthenticated LFI
DBLTek GoIP-1 firmware versions up to and including GHSFVT-1.1-67-5 contain a local file inclusion vulnerability. The device's web server exposes handlers (`frame.html` and `frame.A100.html`) that accept a path parameter (`content` or `sidebar`) which is not …
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High 7.5CVE-2025-60574 Public exploit
A Local File Inclusion (LFI) vulnerability has been identified in tQuadra CMS 4.2.1117. The issue exists in the "/style…
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High 8.1
WordPress Alloggio - Hotel Booking Theme theme <= 1.8 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Edge-Themes Alloggio - Hotel Booking alloggio allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Alloggio - Hotel Booking: from n/a throug…
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High 7.5
WordPress Simple Payment plugin <= 2.4.6 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Ido Kobelkowsky Simple Payment simple-payment.This issue affects Simple Payment: from n/a through <= 2.4.6.
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High 8.1
WordPress Savory theme <= 2.5 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Elated-Themes Savory savory.This issue affects Savory: from n/a through <= 2.5.
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High 7.5
WordPress Revolution theme < 2.5.8 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in fuelthemes Revolution revolution.This issue affects Revolution: from n/a through < 2.5.8.
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High 8.1
WordPress Academist theme < 1.3 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Elated-Themes Academist academist.This issue affects Academist: from n/a through < 1.3.
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High 8.1
WordPress Houzez theme < 4.2.0 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in favethemes Houzez houzez.This issue affects Houzez: from n/a through < 4.2.0.
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High 8.1
WordPress TheGem Theme Elements (for WPBakery) plugin <= 5.10.5.1 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in CodexThemes TheGem Theme Elements (for WPBakery) thegem-elements.This issue affects TheGem Theme Elements (for WPBakery): from n/a through…
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High 8.1
WordPress ITok theme <= 1.1.42 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in ApusTheme ITok itok.This issue affects ITok: from n/a through <= 1.1.42.
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High 8.1
WordPress Famita theme <= 1.54 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in ApusTheme Famita famita allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Famita: from n/a through <= 1.54.
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High 7.5
WordPress WPC Product Options for WooCommerce plugin <= 3.1.3 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in WPClever WPC Product Options for WooCommerce wpc-product-options allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects WPC Product Options fo…
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High 7.5
WordPress Premmerce plugin <= 1.3.19 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Premmerce Premmerce premmerce allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Premmerce: from n/a through <= 1.3.19.
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High 7.5
WordPress AnyComment plugin <= 0.3.6 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Alexander AnyComment anycomment allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects AnyComment: from n/a through <= 0.3.6.
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High 7.5
WordPress WooCommerce Store Toolkit plugin <= 2.4.3 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Josh Kohlbach WooCommerce Store Toolkit woocommerce-store-toolkit allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects WooCommerce Store Too…
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High 7.5
WordPress Store Exporter plugin <= 2.7.6 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Josh Kohlbach Store Exporter woocommerce-exporter allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Store Exporter: from n/a through <= 2…
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High 7.5
WordPress Favorites plugin <= 2.3.6 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Kyle Phillips Favorites favorites allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Favorites: from n/a through <= 2.3.6.
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High 7.5
WordPress WP Customer Area plugin <= 8.3.5 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in aguilatechnologies WP Customer Area customer-area allows PHP Local File Inclusion. This issue affects WP Customer Area: before 8.3.4.
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High 7.5
WordPress LearnPress Export Import plugin <= 4.1.2 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in ThimPress LearnPress Export Import learnpress-import-export allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects LearnPress Export Import: f…
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High 8.1
WordPress InHype - Blog & Magazine WordPress Theme theme <= 1.5.2 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in dedalx InHype - Blog & Magazine WordPress Theme inhype allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects InHype - Blog & Magazine WordPre…
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High 8.1
WordPress Saxon - Viral Content Blog & Magazine Marketing WordPress Theme theme <= 1.9.3 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in dedalx Saxon - Viral Content Blog & Magazine Marketing WordPress Theme saxon allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Saxon - Vi…
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High 8.1
WordPress Simple Contact Forms plugin <= 1.6.4 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in owenr88 Simple Contact Forms simple-contact-forms allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Simple Contact Forms: from n/a throug…
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High 7.5
WordPress Clearblue® Ovulation Calculator plugin <= 1.2.4 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Clearblue Clearblue® Ovulation Calculator clearblue-ovulation-calculator allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Clearblue® Ovu…
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High 7.5
WordPress Premmerce Product Search for WooCommerce plugin <= 2.2.4 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Premmerce Premmerce Product Search for WooCommerce premmerce-search allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Premmerce Product S…
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High 7.5
WordPress Premmerce User Roles plugin <= 1.0.13 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Premmerce Premmerce User Roles premmerce-user-roles allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Premmerce User Roles: from n/a thro…
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High 7.5
WordPress Premmerce Wholesale Pricing for WooCommerce plugin <= 1.1.10 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Premmerce Premmerce Wholesale Pricing for WooCommerce premmerce-woocommerce-wholesale-pricing allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue a…
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High 7.5
WordPress Premmerce Wishlist for WooCommerce plugin <= 1.1.10 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Premmerce Premmerce Wishlist for WooCommerce premmerce-woocommerce-wishlist allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Premmerce W…
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High 8.1
WordPress Immocaster WordPress Plugin plugin <= 1.3.6 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in Hinnerk Altenburg Immocaster WordPress Plugin immocaster allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects Immocaster WordPress Plugin: f…
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High 7.5
WordPress PoloPag – Pix Automático para Woocommerce plugin <= 2.0.9 - Local File Inclusion vulnerability
Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in PoloPag PoloPag – Pix Automático para Woocommerce wc-polo-payments allows PHP Local File Inclusion.This issue affects PoloPag – Pix Automá…