Weakness (CWE)
CWE-436: Interpretation Conflict
Product A handles inputs or steps differently than Product B, which causes A to perform incorrect actions based on its perception of B's state.
Source: MITRE CWE-436
196 results · Feed
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High 7.4
@fastify/middie vulnerable to middleware bypass via deprecated ignoreDuplicateSlashes option
@fastify/middie versions 9.3.1 and earlier are vulnerable to middleware bypass when the deprecated Fastify ignoreDuplicateSlashes option is enabled. The middleware path matching logic does not account for duplicate slash normalization performed by Fastify's r…
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Critical 9.1
@fastify/middie vulnerable to middleware authentication bypass in child plugin scopes
@fastify/middie versions 9.3.1 and earlier do not register inherited middleware directly on child plugin engine instances. When a Fastify application registers authentication middleware in a parent scope and then registers child plugins with @fastify/middie, …
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Critical 9.1
@fastify/express vulnerable to middleware path doubling causing authentication bypass in child plugin scopes
@fastify/express v4.0.4 and earlier contains a path handling bug in the onRegister function that causes middleware paths to be doubled when inherited by child plugins. When a child plugin is registered with a prefix that matches a middleware path, the middlew…
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Critical 9.1
@fastify/express vulnerable to middleware authentication bypass via URL normalization gaps (duplicate slashes and semicolons)
Impact@fastify/express v4.0.4 and earlier fails to normalize URLs before passing them to Express middleware when Fastify router normalization options are enabled. This allows complete bypass of path-scoped authentication middleware via duplicate slashes when …
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Low 2.1
Parse Server has a file upload Content-Type override via extension mismatch
Parse Server is an open source backend that can be deployed to any infrastructure that can run Node.js. Prior to 8.6.73 and 9.7.1-alpha.4, a file can be uploaded with a filename extension that passes the file extension allowlist (e.g., .txt) but with a Conten…
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Medium 4.8
Rack: Forwarded Header semicolon injection enables Host and Scheme spoofing
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. From versions 3.0.0.beta1 to before 3.1.21 and 3.2.0 to before 3.2.6, Rack::Utils.forwarded_values parses the RFC 7239 Forwarded header by splitting on semicolons before handling quoted-string values. Because quote…
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Low 3.7
Rack: Multipart Boundary Parsing Ambiguity allowing WAF Bypass
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.23, 3.1.21, and 3.2.6, Rack::Multipart::Parser extracts the boundary parameter from multipart/form-data using a greedy regular expression. When a Content-Type header contains multiple boundary…
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High 7.1
OpenClaw < 2026.3.11 - Node-Host Approval UI Mismatch Allows Execution of Unintended Commands
OpenClaw before 2026.3.11 contains an approval-integrity vulnerability in node-host system.run approvals that displays extracted shell payloads instead of the executed argv. Attackers can place wrapper binaries and induce wrapper-shaped commands to execute lo…
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Medium 5.3
OpenClaw < 2026.3.7 - Shell Approval Gating Bypass via Dispatch Wrapper Depth Mismatch
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.3.7 contain a shell approval gating bypass vulnerability in system.run dispatch-wrapper handling that allows attackers to skip shell wrapper approval requirements. The approval classifier and execution planner apply different d…
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Medium 4.8
OpenClaw < 2026.2.25 - Approval Identity Mismatch in system.run Command Execution
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.25 contain an approval-integrity bypass vulnerability in system.run where rendered command text is used as approval identity while trimming argv token whitespace, but runtime execution uses raw argv. An attacker can craft a t…
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Medium 6.4
OpenClaw < 2026.2.24 - Hidden Command Execution via Shell-Wrapper Positional argv Carriers
OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.24 contain a command injection vulnerability in the system.run shell-wrapper that allows attackers to execute hidden commands by injecting positional argv carriers after inline shell payloads. Attackers can craft misleading a…
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Low 1.7
astral-tokio-tar insufficiently validates PAX extensions during extraction
astral-tokio-tar is a tar archive reading/writing library for async Rust. In versions 0.5.6 and earlier, malformed PAX extensions were silently skipped when parsing tar archives. This silent skipping (rather than rejection) of invalid PAX extensions could be …
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High —
Improper handling of null Unicode character when parsing JSON in github.com/modelcontextprotocol/go-sdk
The Go SDK recently transitioned to the `segmentio/encoding` library for JSON parsing in version 1.3.1. While this change addressed both case-insensitivity and ASCII folding issues, the new parser implemented aggressive key matching that treated keys with `nu…
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Medium 5.0
OpenClaw: system.run allow-always persistence included shell-commented payload tails
OpenClaw's `system.run` allowlist analysis did not honor POSIX shell comment semantics when deriving `allow-always` persistence entries. A caller in `security=allowlist` mode who received an `allow-always` decision could submit a shell command whose tail was …
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High 7.8
Header Email Address Parsing
SEPPmail Secure Email Gateway before version 15.0.1 incorrectly interprets email addresses in the email headers, causing an interpretation conflict with other mail infrastructure that allows an attacker to fake the source of the email or decrypt it.
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Medium —
OpenClaw has exec allowlist/safeBins policy-runtime mismatch via env -S wrapper interpretation
### Summary `tools.exec` allowlist/safe-bins evaluation could diverge from runtime execution for wrapper commands using GNU `env -S/--split-string` semantics. This allowed policy checks to treat a command as a benign safe-bin invocation while runtime executed…
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Medium —
OpenClaw: Unicode canonicalization drift in node metadata policy classification could broaden node allowlists
### Summary A paired node could supply Unicode-confusable `platform` or `deviceFamily` metadata that passed metadata pinning but classified differently for command policy resolution, broadening default node command allowlists. ### Impact This is a policy-bypa…
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Medium 6.3
Uv: uv: specially crafted zip archives lead to arbitrary code execution due to parsing differentials
A flaw was found in uv. This vulnerability allows an attacker to execute malicious code during package resolution or installation via specially crafted ZIP (Zipped Information Package) archives that exploit parsing differentials, requiring user interaction to…
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High 7.0
MCP Go SDK Vulnerable to Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
The Go MCP SDK used Go's standard encoding/json.Unmarshal for JSON-RPC and MCP protocol message parsing in versions prior to 1.3.1. Go's standard library performs case-insensitive matching of JSON keys to struct field tags — a field tagged json:"method" would…
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High —
Fickling: OBJ opcode call invisibility bypasses all safety checks
# Assessment The interpreter so it behaves closer to CPython when dealing with `OBJ`, `NEWOBJ`, and `NEWOBJ_EX` opcodes (https://github.com/trailofbits/fickling/commit/ff423dade2bb1f72b2b48586c022fac40cbd9a4a). # Original report ## Summary All 5 of fickling's…
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High 7.5
Interpretation Conflict in GitLab
GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 18.4 before 18.6.6, 18.7 before 18.7.4, and 18.8 before 18.8.4 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to cause denial of service through memory or CPU exhaustion by bypassing …
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High 7.5
Fastify's Content-Type header tab character allows body validation bypass
Fastify is a fast and low overhead web framework, for Node.js. Prior to version 5.7.2, a validation bypass vulnerability exists in Fastify where request body validation schemas specified by Content-Type can be completely circumvented. By appending a tab chara…
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Medium 6.9
Traefik doesn't Prevent Path Normalization Bypass in Router + Middleware Rules
Traefik is an HTTP reverse proxy and load balancer. For versions prior to 2.11.32 and 2.11.31 through 3.6.2, requests using PathPrefix, Path or PathRegex matchers can bypass path normalization. When Traefik uses path-based routing, requests containing URL-enc…
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High 8.6
CVE-2025-12816
An interpretation-conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and earlier enables unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass downstream cryptographi…
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High 7.5
Nodemailer: nodemailer: email to an unintended domain can occur due to interpretation conflict
A vulnerability was identified in the email parsing library due to improper handling of specially formatted recipient email addresses. An attacker can exploit this flaw by crafting a recipient address that embeds an external address within quotes. This causes…
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Medium 6.8
uv is vulnerable to ZIP payload obfuscation through parsing differentials
uv is a Python package and project manager written in Rust. In versions 0.8.5 and earlier, remote ZIP archives were handled in a streamwise fashion, and file entries were not reconciled against the archive's central directory. An attacker could contrive a ZIP…
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High 7.7
RatPanel can perform remote command execution without authorization
RatPanel is a server operation and maintenance management panel. In versions 2.3.19 through 2.5.5, when an attacker obtains the backend login path of RatPanel (including but not limited to weak default paths, brute-force cracking, etc.), they can execute syst…
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High 8.1
Git allows arbitrary code execution through broken config quoting
Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. When reading a config value, Git strips any trailing carriage return and line feed (CRLF). W…
KEV Aug 25, 2025 -
Critical 9.3CVE-2025-25292 EPSS 65%
Ruby SAML vulnerable to SAML authentication bypass due to namespace handling (parser differential)
ruby-saml provides security assertion markup language (SAML) single sign-on (SSO) for Ruby. An authentication bypass vulnerability was found in ruby-saml prior to versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 due to a parser differential. ReXML and Nokogiri parse XML differentl…
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Critical 9.3CVE-2025-25291 EPSS 21%
ruby-saml vulnerable to SAML authentication bypass due to DOCTYPE handling (parser differential)
ruby-saml provides security assertion markup language (SAML) single sign-on (SSO) for Ruby. An authentication bypass vulnerability was found in ruby-saml prior to versions 1.12.4 and 1.18.0 due to a parser differential. ReXML and Nokogiri parse XML differentl…
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Medium 5.3
CodeIgniter validation of header name and value
CodeIgniter is a PHP full-stack web framework. Prior to 4.5.8, CodeIgniter lacked proper header validation for its name and value. The potential attacker can construct deliberately malformed headers with Header class. This could disrupt application functional…
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High 8.5
Git LFS permits exfiltration of credentials via crafted HTTP URLs
Git LFS is a Git extension for versioning large files. When Git LFS requests credentials from Git for a remote host, it passes portions of the host's URL to the `git-credential(1)` command without checking for embedded line-ending control characters, and then…
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High 7.4
Carriage-return character in remote URL allows malicious repository to leak credentials in Git Credential Manager
Git Credential Manager (GCM) is a secure Git credential helper built on .NET that runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux. The Git credential protocol is text-based over standard input/output, and consists of a series of lines of key-value pairs in the format `key=…
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Medium 4.0
Cilium's Gateway API route matching order contradicts specification
Cilium is a networking, observability, and security solution with an eBPF-based dataplane. In the 1.15 branch prior to 1.15.8 and the 1.16 branch prior to 1.16.1, Gateway API HTTPRoutes and GRPCRoutes do not follow the match precedence specified in the Gatewa…
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Medium 6.5
OpenStack Nova vulnerable to unauthorized access to potentially sensitive data
In OpenStack Nova before 27.4.1, 28 before 28.2.1, and 29 before 29.1.1, by supplying a raw format image that is actually a crafted QCOW2 image with a backing file path or VMDK flat image with a descriptor file path, an authenticated user may convince systems…
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High 7.5
Name confusion in x509 Subject Alternative Name fields
In phpseclib before 1.0.22, 2.x before 2.0.46, and 3.x before 3.0.33, some characters in Subject Alternative Name fields in TLS certificates are incorrectly allowed to have a special meaning in regular expressions (such as a + wildcard), leading to name confu…
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Critical 9.1
url.c in GNU Wget through 1.24.5 mishandles semicolons in the userinfo subcomponent of a URI, and thus there may be ins…
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Medium 5.8
A vulnerability in the activation of an access control list (ACL) on Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software a…
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High 7.5
btcd susceptible to consensus failures
btcd before 0.24.0 does not correctly implement the consensus rules outlined in BIP 68 and BIP 112, making it susceptible to consensus failures. Specifically, it uses the transaction version as a signed integer when it is supposed to be treated as unsigned. T…
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Medium 6.6
Softing Secure Integration Server Interpretation Conflict Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Softing Secure Integration Server Interpretation Conflict Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Softing Secure Integration Server. Although authentication is requ…