Weakness (CWE)
CWE-470: Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code
The product uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.
More detail
An attacker could supply values to select unexpected classes or methods. If this occurs, then the attacker could create control flow paths that were not intended by the developer. These paths could bypass authentication or access control checks, or otherwise cause the product to behave in an unexpected manner. This situation becomes a doomsday scenario if the attacker can upload files into a location that appears on the product's classpath (CWE-427) or add new entries to the product's classpath (CWE-426). Under either of these conditions, the attacker can use reflection to introduce new, malicious behavior into the product.
How to prevent it (3 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Refactor your code to avoid using reflection.
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Architecture and Design
Do not use user-controlled inputs to select and load classes or code.
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Implementation
Apply strict input validation by using allowlists or indirect selection to ensure that the user is only selecting allowable classes or code.
Source: MITRE CWE-470
144 results · Feed
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High 7.6
IBM Financial Transaction Manager (FTM) is Impacted by Multiple Vulnerabilities
IBM Financial Transaction Manager (FTM) for RedHat OpenShift could allow a remote attacker to cause a denial of service due to the improper use of reflection with externally controlled input.
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High 8.8
Apache Calcite Avatica: Unrestricted class initialization when instantiating plugins
Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache Calcite Avatica. Plugin instantiation (via AvaticaUtils#instantiatePlugin and other methods) initializes arbitrary classes via unrestricted calls to Cla…
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Critical 9.8
DBI versions before 1.653 for Perl load arbitrary modules via unvalidated dbm_type and dbm_mldbm attributes in DBD::DBM
DBI versions before 1.653 for Perl load arbitrary modules via unvalidated dbm_type and dbm_mldbm attributes in DBD::DBM. DBD::DBM passes the dbm_type and dbm_mldbm connect attributes to require without checking that the value names a module. require treats a …
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Critical 9.8
Data deletion and attribute disclosure via field-name method injection in in-memory queries
Mongoid contains an unsafe reflection weakness in the query path used for embedded documents. An application that passes an externally supplied field name to certain in-memory query methods may allow an unauthenticated party to obtain unintended disclosure of…
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Critical 9.1
Document deletion and process crash via unvalidated method-name dispatch in atomic pop operation
Mongoid contains an unsafe reflection weakness in the document persistence layer of its object-document mapping code. Input whose keys are passed through from an unauthenticated party by an embedding application can cause unintended internal method invocation…
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High 7.5
IBM MQ queue manager is vulnerable to remote code execution
IBM MQ could allow an authenticated attacker with cluster access to cause a denial of service or potentially execute arbitrary code due to improper validation of cluster command message lengths.
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High 7.3
Dell OpenManage Server Administrator, versions prior to 11.1.0.3, contains a Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Sele…
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High 8.8
djust has an unauthenticated arbitrary module import via the WebSocket/SSE view-mount path
djust provides Phoenix LiveView-style reactive server-side rendering for Django with Rust-powered performance. Prior to version 1.0.7, the djust live transport resolves the LiveView to mount from a client-supplied dotted path by calling `__import__(module_pat…
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High 8.4
RestrictedPython: Sandbox escape via string.Formatter field resolution
RestrictedPython is a tool that helps define a subset of the Python language for accepting program input in a trusted environment. Prior to 8.4, RestrictedPython could allow a sandbox escape when a custom import policy or globals exposed the standard library …
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High 8.8
Apache Airflow Apache Kafka provider: Connection-editor remote code execution on the Scheduler via Kafka connection callback configuration
Apache Airflow Apache Kafka provider versions 1.15.0 before 2.0.0 resolve dotted-path strings found in a Kafka connection's `extra` field into Python callables via `import_string`, with no allowlist, and hand them to the confluent-kafka client which invokes t…
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Critical 9.8
OpenAM: Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution via Class.forName in AuthXMLUtils.createCustomCallback
Open Access Management (OpenAM) is an access management solution. Prior to 16.1.2, the pre-authentication /authservice PLL endpoint accepts a CustomCallback XML element whose className value selects an arbitrary Java class for AuthXMLUtils to load and instant…
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High 8.8CVE-2026-79987 Public exploit
Low-privilege RCE through element-search eager loading
A remote, authenticated, non-admin Craft CMS Control Panel user with only the accessCp permission can execute operating system commands as the PHP web worker.
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Critical 9.8
Apache Nutch: Unauthenticated reflection-based job execution in Nutch Server (Nutch REST API)
Missing Authorization, Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache Nutch Server (Nutch REST API). This issue affects Apache Nutch: from 1.10 through 1.22. Users are recommended to upgrade to versi…
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High 8.8
Apache Nutch: Unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) via JEXL injection in Nutch Server (Nutch REST API)
Missing Authorization, Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection'), Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources, Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache Nutch Server (…
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Critical 9.1CVE-2026-58400 Exploited
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GeoNetwork is a catalog application to manage spatially referenced resources. Prior to versions 4.4.12 and 4.2.17, the Saxon XSLT processor used to render formatters is configured without secure processing (`FEATURE_SECURE_PROCESSING`) and without disabling J…
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Medium 5.3
jackson-databind resolves attacker-controlled URI schemes when deserializing java.nio.file.Path
jackson-databind's deserializer for java.nio.file.Path resolves an attacker-supplied URI without restricting the URI scheme. In JDKFromStringDeserializer.NioPathHelper.deserialize, a string bound from untrusted JSON is passed to new URI(value) and then to Pat…
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Critical 9.8
Yamcs: Remote Code Execution via instance-template argument YAML injection (createInstance)
Yamcs is a mission control framework. Prior to 5.12.8 and 5.13.2, Yamcs inserts templateArgs from POST /api/instances and PATCH /api/instances/{instance} into YAML through VarStatement.append in yamcs-core/src/main/java/org/yamcs/templating/VarStatement.java …
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Critical 9.4
PaperCut MF/NG: Unsafe Dynamic Class Loading in Database Connector
An unsafe dynamic class loading vulnerability exists in the database connection utilities of PaperCut MF and PaperCut NG. The application instantiates database driver classes based on configurable driver names without validating against an allowlist of approv…
KEV Aug 31, 2026 -
Medium 4.3
DebugKit: MailPreview contains unsafe reflection
DebugKit provides a debugging toolbar for CakePHP applications. Prior to 4.10.3 and 5.2.4, the DebugKit MailPreview feature in src/Controller/MailPreviewController.php accepts a route-controlled previewName value in findPreview and passes the resolved class f…
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High 8.8
Vocos through 0.1.0 Arbitrary Code Execution via Unrestricted class_path in Model Configuration
Vocos instantiates a class named by a configuration file without restricting which class may be named. instantiate_class in vocos/pretrained.py takes the class_path value from the configuration, splits it into a module and an attribute, imports the module wit…
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High 7.8
Hydra: hydra.utils.instantiate with untrusted config can lead to code execution
Hydra is a framework for elegantly configuring complex applications. Prior to 1.3.4, hydra.utils.instantiate() resolves and calls Python objects selected by configuration through _resolve_target() in hydra/_internal/instantiate/_instantiate2.py, allowing atta…
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High 7.5
RabbitMQ Java client: Unvalidated Class.forName in JSON-RPC ProcedureDescription enables arbitrary class loading
The RabbitMQ Java client library allows Java and JVM-based applications to connect to and interact with RabbitMQ nodes. Prior to 5.33.0, com.rabbitmq.tools.jsonrpc.ProcedureDescription receives a javaReturnType value in an untrusted system.describe response a…
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Critical 9.1
Form::Processor::Field::HtmlArea versions from 0.06 through 1.162360 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion via an HTML::Tidy diagnostic that validate passes to add_error as a Locale::Maketext template
Form::Processor::Field::HtmlArea versions from 0.06 through 1.162360 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion via an HTML::Tidy diagnostic that validate passes to add_error as a Locale::Maketext template. validate runs HTML::Ti…
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Critical 9.1
HTML::FormHandler versions before 0.410000 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template
HTML::FormHandler versions before 0.410000 for Perl allow attacker selected method dispatch and resource exhaustion because _apply_actions and add_error use error message text built from request data as a Locale::Maketext bracket notation template. add_error …
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Medium 5.4
OpenNMS JEXL sandbox bypass in Measurements REST API allows ROLE_USER to load arbitrary classes
A JEXL expression sandbox bypass exists in multiple versions of OpenNMS Meridian and Horizon. A low-privileged authenticated user can submit a crafted expression to the Measurements REST API that escapes the sandbox and loads arbitrary Java classes on the ser…
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Critical 9.8
Apache Ranger: Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary Class Instantiation
Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary Class Instantiation in plugin-schema-registry component in Apache Ranger <= 2.8.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.9.0, which fixes this issue.
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High 7.2
Nexus Repository - Arbitrary Class Instantiation via Unsafe Realm Configuration
An account holding the nexus:settings:update permission in Nexus Repository 3 (or the equivalent nexus:settings permission in the legacy Nexus Repository 2) could submit arbitrary values as realm identifiers through an internal configuration API that did not …
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Medium 6.5
Statamic: Unsafe method invocation via Antlers template resolution allows data destruction
Statamic is a Laravel and Git powered content management system (CMS). Prior to 5.74.1 and 6.24.0, manipulating user-supplied input incorporated into Antlers templates could result in the loss of content and assets, on sites whose templates pass untrusted inp…
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High 8.1
Multiple Vulnerabilities in IBM® Java SDK affect IBM WebSphere Application Server and WebSphere Application Server Liberty due to the July 2026 CPU
IBM WebSphere Application Server 8.5, and 9.0 and IBM WebSphere Application Server - Liberty Continuous delivery has a flaw in the ORB component in IBM SDK, Java Technology Edition, may allow a malicious IIOP server to induce loading and instantation of arbit…
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High 7.2
ShopLentor <= 3.3.7 - Authenticated (Administrator+) Arbitrary Function Execution via 'callback' Parameter via REST API
The ShopLentor plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to arbitrary function execution via the woolentoropt/v1/custom-action REST API endpoint in all versions up to, and including, 3.3.7. This is due to the handle_action() method passing user-supplied input direct…
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High 8.1
Grav CMS 2.0.7 through 2.0.10 Arbitrary Method Invocation via Blueprint
Grav CMS versions 2.0.7 through 2.0.10 fail to validate fully-qualified static method calls (Class::method) in blueprint dynamic-field directives because Blueprint::isSafeDynamicCall() only applies its dangerous-callable denylist to strings that do not contai…
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High 7.5
Banks: Unsafe importlib.import_module of attacker-controlled Tool.import_path in CompletionExtension allows RCE
Banks generates meaningful LLM prompts using a simple template language. In versions prior to 2.4.3, banks parses Tool JSON objects from the rendered body of {% completion %} blocks and later resolves their import_path field through importlib.import_module(..…
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Medium 6.1
React Router: Arbitrary Constructor Injection via deserializeErrors() in React Router SSR Hydration
React Router is a router for React. In versions 6.4.0 through 7.17.0, if application code was written in a way that allows attacker-supplied input to overwrite certain aspects of errors caught by the SSR process, then it was possible for an attacker to trigge…
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Medium 5.6
Apache OpenNLP: Arbitrary Class Instantiation in GeneratorFactory via Feature Descriptor XML
Arbitrary Class Instantiation via XML Feature Generator Descriptor and Format Name in Apache OpenNLP Versions Affected: - before 2.5.10 - before 3.0.0-M5 Description: Three code paths in Apache OpenNLP load a class by its fully-qualified name via Class.forNam…
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High 8.8
Grav before 2.0.9 Remote Code Execution via FlexDirectory
Grav versions >= 1.7.0 and before 2.0.9 contain a remote code execution vulnerability. FlexDirectory::dynamicDataField() resolves blueprint data-*@: directives by calling call_user_func_array() on attacker-influenced input, validating only that the target is …
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High 8.1
DialogHandler Provider Type Tampering Vulnerability in Telerik UI for ASP.NET AJAX
In Progress® Telerik® UI for AJAX prior to v2026.2.708, DialogHandler provider type input may be tampered with, potentially altering dialog processing and enabling chained exploitation.
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High 8.1CVE-2026-13181 Public exploit
RadAsyncUpload AsyncUploadTypeName Type Resolution Vulnerability in Telerik UI for ASP.NET AJAX
In Progress® Telerik® UI for AJAX prior to v2026.2.708, forged upload metadata can influence AsyncUploadTypeName processing and trigger unsafe attacker-controlled type resolution, enabling remote code execution in affected deployments.
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High 8.7
Kirby: Arbitrary Method Call via REST API search and collection query endpoints
Kirby is an open-source content management system. Prior to 4.9.1 and 5.4.1, Kirby did not validate the model attributes that were used in its collection queries, allowing attackers to include arbitrary model methods in their queries. This includes methods wi…
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Critical 9.8
Yamcs: Remote Code Execution via Mission Database algorithm override
Yamcs is a mission control framework. Prior to 5.12.7, the Nashorn ScriptEngine used to evaluate user-supplied JavaScript algorithm text in yamcs-core/src/main/java/org/yamcs/algorithms/ScriptAlgorithmExecutorFactory.java was constructed without a ClassFilter…
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High 7.8
PyTorch Lightning Arbitrary Code Execution via _instantiator Hyperparameter
PyTorch Lightning through 2.6.5, fixed in commit d710d68, contains a remote code execution vulnerability in the _load_state function that imports and executes attacker-controlled module names from checkpoint _instantiator hyperparameters. Attackers can craft …