Weakness (CWE)
CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
How to prevent it (6 mitigations)
-
Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
-
Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
-
Architecture and Design
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
-
Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
-
Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
-
Operation
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Source: MITRE CWE-601
1,466 results · Feed
-
Medium 4.3
@workos/authkit-session: Open Redirect via state-derived redirect target
@workos/authkit-session is a toolkit for building WorkOS AuthKit framework integrations. Prior to 0.5.1, an open redirect vulnerability exists in AuthService.handleCallback due to insufficient validation of the returnPathname value derived from the OAuth stat…
-
Medium 5.1
Kargo: Open Redirect in UI OIDC Login Flow via redirectTo Query Parameter
Kargo manages and automates the promotion of software artifacts. Prior to versions 1.7.10, 1.8.13, 1.9.8, and 1.10.2, Kargo is vulnerable to open redirect in UI OIDC login flow via the redirectTo query parameter. This issue has been patched in versions 1.7.10…
-
Low 3.4
Unvalidated gitlab URL parameter redirects OAuth authorize step to attacker-controlled host
draw.io is a configurable diagramming and whiteboarding application. Prior to version 29.7.9, the draw.io client accepts a ?gitlab= URL parameter that overrides the GitLab server URL used during OAuth sign-in. A crafted link causes the user's click on draw.io…
-
Medium 5.3
Multiple vulnerabilities in Cradle e-commerce
Open redirection vulnerability in the latest demo version of the Cradle eCommerce platform. The vulnerability occurs in the login form endpoint, where the ‘returnUrl’ parameter allows redirection because the web application accepts a URL as a parameter withou…
-
Critical 9.6
Unvalidated shell.openExternal in electerm allows arbitrary protocol execution via terminal link click
electerm is an open-sourced terminal/ssh/sftp/telnet/serialport/RDP/VNC/Spice/ftp client. In versions 3.8.15 and prior, Electerm's terminal hyperlink handler passes any URL clicked in the terminal directly to shell.openExternal without any protocol validation…
-
Medium 5.1
Saltcorn: Open Redirect in `POST /auth/login` due to incomplete `is_relative_url` validation (backslash bypass)
Saltcorn is an extensible, open source, no-code database application builder. Prior to versions 1.4.6, 1.5.6, and 1.6.0-beta.5, Saltcorn validates the post-login dest parameter with a string check that only blocks :/ and //. Because all WHATWG-compliant brows…
-
Critical 9.6
Open Redirect in DivvyDrive Information Technologies' DivvyDrive
URL redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') vulnerability in DivvyDrive Information Technologies Inc. DivvyDrive allows Parameter Injection. This issue affects DivvyDrive: from 4.8.2.9 before 4.8.3.2.
-
High 8.2
Admidio: SAML Response Sent to Unvalidated Assertion Consumer Service URL from AuthnRequest
Admidio is an open-source user management solution. Prior to version 5.0.9, the SAML IdP implementation in Admidio's SSO module uses the AssertionConsumerServiceURL value directly from incoming SAML AuthnRequest messages as the destination for the SAML respon…
-
Medium 5.3
Masa CMS open redirect via improper handling of scheme-relative URLs
Masa CMS is affected by an Open Redirect vulnerability due to improper handling of scheme-relative URLs. The application incorrectly interprets paths beginning with double slashes (//) as internal paths, failing to validate the redirect target before processi…
-
High 7.7
OpenClaw < 2026.4.5 - Second-hop SSRF via CDP /json/version WebSocket URL
OpenClaw before 2026.4.5 contains a server-side request forgery vulnerability in the CDP /json/version WebSocket endpoint that allows attackers to pivot to untrusted second-hop targets. The webSocketDebuggerUrl response field is not properly validated, enabli…
-
High 8.4
Jupyter Notebook and JupyterLab token theft via stored XSS in help command linker
In Jupyter Notebook versions 7.0.0 through 7.5.5, JupyterLab versions 4.5.6 and earlier, and the corresponding @jupyter-notebook/help-extension and @jupyterlab/help-extension packages before 7.5.6 and 4.5.7, a stored cross-site scripting issue in the help com…
-
Medium 6.3
jupyter_server next parameter open redirect can redirect users to external domains
Jupyter Server is the backend for Jupyter web applications. In jupyter_server versions through 2.17.0, the next query parameter in the login flow is insufficiently validated in `LoginFormHandler._redirect_safe()`, which allows redirects to arbitrary external …
-
Medium 5.1
n8n: Open Redirect in MCP OAuth Consent Flow
n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to versions 1.123.32, 2.17.4, and 2.18.1, the /mcp-oauth/register endpoint accepted OAuth client registrations without authentication, allowing arbitrary redirect_uri values to be registered. When a us…
-
Medium 4.7
Open redirect vulnerability exists in Multiple laser printers and MFPs which implement Ricoh Web Image Monitor. When ac…
-
Medium 4.3
Jenkins Microsoft Entra ID (previously Azure AD) Plugin has an open redirect vulnerability
Jenkins Microsoft Entra ID (previously Azure AD) Plugin 666.v6060de32f87d and earlier does not restrict the redirect URL after login, allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks.
-
Medium 4.3
An open redirect in the /api/google/authorize endpoint of hunvreus DevPush v0.3.2 allows attackers to redirect users to…
-
Critical 9.3
Microsoft 365 Copilot Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') in M365 Copilot allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
-
Medium 4.3
BigBlueButton has Open Redirect through bigbluebutton/api/join via get-parameter "logoutURL"
BigBlueButton is an open-source virtual classroom. Versions prior to 3.0.24 have an Open Redirect through bigbluebutton/api/join via get-parameter "logoutURL." Version 3.0.24 has adjusted the handling of requests with incorrect checksum so that the default lo…
-
Medium 6.5
Vulnerability in the Oracle WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Web Services). Supported ve…
-
Medium 6.1
Vulnerability in the Oracle Business Process Management Suite product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Human wor…
-
Medium 6.1
Vulnerability in the Oracle Identity Manager product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Identity Console). Support…
-
High 8.1
LinkAce: Password Reset Poisoning via X-Forwarded-Host Header Injection Leading to Account Takeover
LinkAce is a self-hosted archive to collect website links. Prior to 2.5.4, a password reset poisoning vulnerability was identified in the application due to improper trust of user-controlled HTTP headers. The application uses the X-Forwarded-Host header when …
-
Medium 6.9
next-intl has an open redirect vulnerability
next-intl provides internationalization for Next.js. Applications using the `next-intl` middleware prior to version 4.9.1with `localePrefix: 'as-needed'` could construct URLs where path handling and the WHATWG URL parser resolved a relative redirect target to…
-
Medium 6.1
@adonisjs/http-server has an Open Redirect vulnerability
AdonisJS HTTP Server is a package for handling HTTP requests in the AdonisJS framework. In @adonisjs/http-server versions prior to 7.8.1 and 8.0.0-next.0 through 8.1.3, and @adonisjs/core versions prior to 7.4.0, the response.redirect().back() method reads th…
-
Medium 5.3
Loki Path Traversal - CVE-2021-36156 Bypass
The CVE-2021-36156 fix validates the namespace parameter for path traversal sequences after a single URL decode, by double encoding, an attacker can read files at the Ruler API endpoint /loki/api/v1/rules/{namespace} Thanks to Prasanth Sundararajan for report…
-
Medium 4.7
Cisco Unity Connection Open Redirect Vulnerability
A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Unity Connection could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page. This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of HTTP request parameters. An a…
-
Medium 5.1
immich: Open Redirect via Shared Album name
immich is a high performance self-hosted photo and video management solution. Versions prior to 2.7.3 contain an open redirect vulnerability in the shared album functionality, where the album name is inserted unsanitized into a <meta> tag in api.service.ts. A…
-
None 0.0
Unauthenticated Open Redirect, Arbitrary HTTP Response Header Injection, Missing CSRF, and Invisible-Mode Bypass in goshs `/?redirect` endpoint
### Summary The `GET /?redirect` endpoint in `goshs` v2.0.0-beta.6 performs an HTTP redirect to any attacker-supplied `url=` value and writes any attacker-supplied `header=Name: Value` pair into the response, without scheme/host validation, without a header-n…
-
Low 2.2
An URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability [CWE-601] vulnerability in Fortinet FortiNAC-F 7.6…
-
Medium 6.1
Open Redirect vulnerability in SAP NetWeaver Application Server ABAP
Due to an Open Redirect vulnerability in SAP NetWeaver Application Server ABAP, an unauthenticated attacker could craft malicious URL that, if accessed by a victim, they could be redirected to the page controlled by the attacker. This causes low impact on con…
-
Medium 6.1CVE-2026-6203 Scanner template
User Registration & Membership <= 5.1.4 - Unauthenticated Open Redirect via 'redirect_to_on_logout' Parameter
The User Registration & Membership plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in versions up to and including 5.1.4. This is due to insufficient validation of user-supplied URLs passed via the 'redirect_to_on_logout' GET parameter before redirecting …
-
Medium 5.3
ChurchCRM has an Open Redirect via the ‘linkBack’ URL Parameter in DonatedItemEditor.php
ChurchCRM is an open-source church management system. Prior to 7.0.0, it was possible in many places across the ChurchCRM application to create a link that, when visited by an authenticated user, would redirect them to any URL chosen by an attacker if they cl…
-
Medium 4.7
Chamilo LMS has an Open Redirect via Unvalidated 'page' Parameter in Session Course Edit
Chamilo LMS is a learning management system. Prior to 1.11.38 and 2.0.0-RC.3, an Open Redirect vulnerability in the session course edit page allows an attacker to redirect an authenticated administrator to an arbitrary external URL after saving coach assignme…
-
None 0.0
Chamilo LMS has validation-less redirect on login page
Chamilo LMS is a learning management system. From 1.11.0 to 2.0-beta.1, anyone can trigger a malicious redirect through the use of the redirect parameter to /login. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.0-beta.2.
-
Medium 5.3
An open redirect vulnerability in Rocket.Chat versions prior to 8.4.0 allows users to be redirected to arbitrary URLs b…
-
Medium 6.1CVE-2026-25854 Public exploit
Apache Tomcat: Occasionally open redirect
Occasional URL redirection to untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Apache Tomcat via the LoadBalancerDrainingValve. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.18, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.52, from 9.0.0.M23 through 9.0.115, …
-
Medium 4.3
LORIS has an open redirect field on login
LORIS (Longitudinal Online Research and Imaging System) is a self-hosted web application that provides data- and project-management for neuroimaging research. Prior to 27.0.3 and 28.0.1, the redirect parameter upon login to LORIS was not validating the value …
-
Medium 6.5
OpenClaw < 2026.4.8 - Unsafe Request Body Replay via fetchWithSsrFGuard Cross-Origin Redirects
OpenClaw before 2026.4.8 contains a request body replay vulnerability in fetchWithSsrFGuard that allows unsafe request bodies to be resent across cross-origin redirects. Attackers can exploit this by triggering redirects to exfiltrate sensitive request data o…
-
Medium 4.7
WordPress Hide My WP Ghost plugin < 7.0.00 - Open Redirection vulnerability
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in John Darrel Hide My WP Ghost hide-my-wp allows Phishing.This issue affects Hide My WP Ghost: from n/a through < 7.0.00.
-
High 8.8
Open Redirect Vulnerability in HPE Aruba Networking Private 5G Core On-Prem
A vulnerability has been identified in the graphical user interface (GUI) of HPE Aruba Networking Private 5G Core On-Prem that could allow an attacker to abuse an open redirect vulnerability in the login flow using a crafted URL. Successful exploitation may r…