Weakness (CWE)
CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
How to prevent it (6 mitigations)
-
Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
-
Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
-
Architecture and Design
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
-
Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
-
Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
-
Operation
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Source: MITRE CWE-601
1,461 results · Feed
-
Medium 6.1
Open Redirect in Universal Sotware's FlexCity
URL redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') vulnerability in Universal Software Inc. FlexCity allows Input Data Manipulation. This issue affects FlexCity: from 5.536.0 before 5.542.0.
-
Medium 4.3
trinodb trino OAuth2/OIDC ExternalUriInfo.java redirect
A vulnerability was found in trinodb trino 481. Affected is an unknown function of the file core/trino-main/src/main/java/io/trino/server/ExternalUriInfo.java of the component OAuth2/OIDC. Performing a manipulation of the argument redirect_uri results in open…
-
Medium 4.3
cal.diy 6.2.0 Conferencing OAuth Callback Open Redirect via Unsigned State
cal.diy through 6.2.0 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the conferencing OAuth callback endpoint that allows attackers to redirect users to arbitrary URLs by crafting malicious state parameters. Attackers can exploit the unsigned state parameter and …
-
Medium 6.1
Joomla Extension - hikashop.com - Open redirect in Hikashop < 6.5.2
Joomla Extension - hikashop.com - Open redirect in Hikashop < 6.5.2 - The Joomla extension Hikashop is vulnerable to an open redirect.
-
High 7.3
dataCycle User API Password Reset And Confirmation Flows Trust Attacker- Controlled Redirect Targets
dataCycle is a data management system for centrally storing, managing, searching, finding, and distributing data. In dataCycle-CORE, the module handling core processing and framework rules, before and including version 25.07.3, a low-privileged authenticated …
-
Medium 4.3
Multiple Vulnerabilities in IBM Engineering AI hub.
IBM Engineering AI Hub 1.0.0, 1.1.0, and 1.2.0 could allow a remote attacker to redirect users to malicious websites due to improper validation of user-supplied URLs.
-
Low 3.1
Security vulnerabilities have been found in IBM Verify Identity Access and IBM Security Verify Access
IBM Verify Identity Access 11.0 through 11.0.2 and IBM Security Verify Access 10.0 through 10.0.9.1 and IBM Verify Identity Access Container 11.0 through 11.0.2 and IBM Security Verify Access Container 10.0 through 10.0.9.1 could allow a remote attacker to co…
-
High 8.1
SigNoz < 0.134.0 SSO OAuth State Manipulation Session Token Theft
SigNoz before 0.134.0 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the SSO authentication flow that allows unauthenticated attackers to steal session tokens from any user on instances configured with Google OAuth, SAML, or OIDC. Attackers can call the unauthent…
-
Medium 6.5
OpenClaw < 2026.6.5 Authorization Header Forwarding via SSE
OpenClaw before 2026.6.5 could forward Authorization headers during MCP SSE redirects. When the affected feature is enabled and reachable, a lower-trust caller or configured input path could execute or persist actions beyond the caller's intended authorizatio…
-
Medium 6.8
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in the Dashboard OAuth/OIDC implementation of Axivion
An Open Redirect vulnerability (CWE-601) exists in the OAuth/OIDC authentication implementation of the Axivion Dashboard. The login flow did not properly restrict the post-authentication redirect to the application's own origin, so a user who follows a crafte…
-
Medium 6.1
Redash: Open redirect vulnerability in post-login redirect handling
Redash is a package for data visualization and sharing. From 5.0.2 to 26.3.0, the get_next_path() function in Redash's authentication module stripped the scheme and netloc from user-supplied next parameters but did not normalize multiple leading slashes, allo…
-
Critical 9.6
Grav API Plugin before 1.0.4 Password Reset Token Poisoning via admin_base_url
The Grav API plugin (grav-plugin-api) before 1.0.4 does not validate the origin of the client-supplied admin_base_url field in the POST /api/v1/auth/forgot-password endpoint. The sanitizeHttpUrl() function only checks that the URL scheme is http/https and nev…
-
Medium 6.1
Adobe Commerce | URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') (CWE-601)
Adobe Commerce is affected by an Improper Redirect (Open Redirect) vulnerability that could result in a Security feature bypass. An attacker could construct a malicious URL that redirects a victim to an attacker-controlled site. Exploitation of this issue req…
-
Medium 5.1
Symfony: UrlGenerator Dot-Segment Encoding Skips Every Other Chained `../` or `./` → Generated URL Collapses Off-Route Under RFC 3986 Normalization
Symfony is a PHP framework for web and console applications and a set of reusable PHP components. Prior to 5.4.53, 6.4.41, 7.4.13, and 8.0.13, UrlGenerator::doGenerate() used strtr() dot-segment encoding that skipped every other chained ../ or ./ segment, all…
-
Low 2.3
Symfony: UrlGenerator Route-Requirement Bypass via Unanchored Regex Alternation → Off-Site //host URL Injection
Symfony is a PHP framework for web and console applications and a set of reusable PHP components. Prior to 5.4.52, 6.4.40, 7.4.12, and 8.0.12, UrlGenerator validates route parameters against a pattern built as ^ plus the raw requirement plus $; with ungrouped…
-
Medium 4.0
An open redirect in Ivanti Xtraction before version 2026.2.1 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect users…
-
High 8.1
Open Redirect vulnerability in SAP Approuter
SAP Approuter does not properly validate incoming request headers during the OAuth2 login flow under certain configurations. This allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to craft a malicious link which, when clicked by a victim, could lead to unauthorized a…
-
Medium 5.9
Drupal core - Less critical - Cache poisoning and open redirect - SA-CORE-2026-007
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Drupal Drupal core allows Content Spoofing. This issue affects Drupal core versions: from 0.0.0 to 10.5.12, from 10.6.0 to 10.6.11, from 11.2.0 to 11.2.14, from 11.3.0 to 11.3.12, from 0.0.0…
-
Medium 6.1
Snipe-IT: Open Redirect After User Edit
Snipe-IT is an IT asset/license management system. Prior to 8.6.2, the user edit flow stores url()->previous() from the attacker-controlled Referer header into Laravel’s intended URL session value and later uses redirect()->intended(...) when redirect_option=…
-
Low 3.1
Apprise forwards configured auth headers across cross-origin HTTP redirects
Apprise is an open source library which allows you to send a notification to almost all of the most popular notification services available. Prior to 1.11.0, Apprise HTTP-based notification plugins and HTTP attachment and config loaders in apprise/attachment/…
-
Medium 4.1
n8n - Cross-Site Scripting and Open Redirect in Form Node
n8n before 1.123.24, 2.10.4, and 2.12.0 (across its 1.x and 2.x branches) contains cross-site scripting and open redirect vulnerabilities in the Form Node due to unsanitized HTML description fields and overly permissive iframe sandbox policies. Authenticated …
-
Medium 5.1
CakePHP: Open redirect weakness via backslash bypass
CakePHP Authentication is an authentication plugin for CakePHP that can also be used in PSR-7 based applications. Prior to 2.11.1, 3.3.6, and 4.1.1, the getLoginRedirect() method contains a weakness to backslash bypasses that allows redirect targets with atta…
-
High 7.1
Open Redirect in SAML Single Sign-On in Guardian/CMC before 26.2.0
An Open Redirect vulnerability was discovered in the SAML Single Sign-On functionality due to insufficient validation of a user-controlled redirection parameter. An unauthenticated attacker can craft a request to the SAML sign-in endpoint and poison the cache…
-
High 7.4
Gradio < 6.20.0 - Open Redirect and SSRF via /gradio_api/file= endpoint
Gradio before 6.20.0 contains an open redirect and server-side request forgery vulnerability that allows attackers to redirect users to arbitrary URLs or perform client-side SSRF by supplying unvalidated HTTP/HTTPS URLs to the file_fetch() function in the /gr…
-
High 7.7
Coder's session token leaked to arbitrary hosts via `coder open app` for external workspace apps
Coder allows organizations to provision remote development environments via Terraform. Prior to versions 2.29.7, 2.32.7, 2.33.8, and 2.34.2, `coder open app` opens external workspace-app URLs without validating the scheme or host. When an external app URL con…
-
Medium 6.9
CiliumLocalRedirectPolicy addressMatcher allows cross-namespace service traffic hijacking and can break service translation
Cilium is a networking, observability, and security solution. Prior to 1.17.16, from 1.18.2 to 1.18.9, and from 1.19.0 to 1.19.3, users with the ability to create CiliumLocalRedirectPolicies can specify arbitrary ClusterIPs via addressMatcher, enabling hijack…
-
Medium 4.3
kirilkirkov Ecommerce-CodeIgniter-Bootstrap Trusted Backend MY_Controller.php setReferrer redirect
A vulnerability was found in kirilkirkov Ecommerce-CodeIgniter-Bootstrap up to 95dfa8cebbb87ab46ae450643a07241274a74dce. Affected by this issue is the function setReferrer of the file application/core/MY_Controller.php of the component Trusted Backend Interfa…
-
Medium 6.1
Gitea redirect handling permits open redirects through backslash paths
Gitea versions up to and including 1.25.4 allow redirect bypasses through raw or percent-encoded backslashes in redirect_to values.
-
Critical 9.3
Microsoft 365 Copilot Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') in M365 Copilot allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
-
High 7.6
TinaCMS: Cross-origin postMessage handlers and rich-text URL-sanitization bypass enable stored XSS and session takeover
Tina is a headless content management system. In versions prior to @tinacms/app 2.5.6 and tinacms 3.9.3, cross-origin postMessage handlers and a rich-text URL-sanitization bypass enable stored XSS and session takeover. The library registers window message lis…
-
Medium 6.9
UrlShortener defaults to ineffective validation open to third-party redirects
URL redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki - UrlShortener Extension allows Cross-Site Flashing. This issue affects Mediawiki - UrlShortener Extension: from * before 1.43.9, 1.44.6, 1.45.4.
-
Medium 4.3
Invoice Ninja 5.13.26 - Open Redirect in Client Portal Login via intended Parameter
Invoice Ninja through 5.13.26 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the client portal login that allows unauthenticated attackers to redirect authenticated victims to attacker-controlled external URLs by injecting a malicious value into the intended quer…
-
Medium 5.9
Unauthenticated Open Redirect Vulnerability on TP-Link Archer AX20 Web Interface
An unauthenticated URL redirection vulnerability has been identified in Archer AX20 V2 due to improper validation of user-supplied URL input within the web interface. An unauthenticated attacker can craft URLs containing URL-encoded path traversal sequences.…
-
Medium 6.1
Cacti: Open Redirect via HTTP_REFERER substring check in auth_login_redirect
Cacti is an open source performance and fault management framework. Versions 1.2.30 and prior are vulnerable to Open Redirect through a substring check rather than a host check at str_contains($referer, CACTI_PATH_URL). When the user's login_opts == '1' (redi…
-
Medium 5.4
Gogs: Open Redirect via redirect_to in Gogs
Gogs is an open source self-hosted Git service. Prior to 0.14.3, an open redirect vulnerability exists in Gogs where attacker-controlled redirect_to parameters can bypass validation, allowing redirection to arbitrary external sites. All redirects in Gogs that…
-
Medium 5.3
Lack of input validation in Mailerup input parameter leads to Open Redirect
Open redirect vulnerability (CWE-601) in the _safe_redirect function of the click-tracking endpoint (/c/<token>/) in Mailerup <1.0.0 on all platforms allows remote unauthenticated attackers to redirect victims to arbitrary external sites and conduct phishing …
-
Medium 4.7
Flask-Security has an Open Redirect issue
# Open Redirect in Flask-Security ## Summary `flask_security.utils.validate_redirect_url()` can allow an attacker-controlled redirect URL when subdomain redirects are enabled. The bypass uses a backslash inside the URL authority/host: ```text http://evil.com\…
-
Critical 9.6
Poweradmin has Host Header Injection in OIDC redirect_uri, SAML ACS/SLO URL, and Logout Redirect Construction.
Poweradmin is a web-based DNS administration tool for PowerDNS server. Versions prior to 4.2.4 and 4.3.3 use the attacker-controlled `HTTP_HOST` request header as the authoritative source for building callback URLs in its OIDC, SAML, and logout authentication…
-
Medium 5.1
NocoDB: Open Redirect via Hash Fragment in hashRedirect Plugin
NocoDB is software for building databases as spreadsheets. Prior to 2026.04.1, the client-side hashRedirect plugin called window.location.replace() on a path extracted from the URL hash fragment after only checking hashPath.startsWith('/'). Protocol-relative …
-
Critical 9.6
immich: One-click account takeover via XSS in login page continue redirect
immich is a high performance self-hosted photo and video management solution. From commit 4ffa26c9 until 4eb1003, a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability on the /auth/login page allows an attacker to fully compromise any authenticated user's acco…