Weakness (CWE)
CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
How to prevent it (6 mitigations)
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Implementation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
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Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
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Architecture and Design
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
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Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
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Architecture and Design, Implementation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
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Operation
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Source: MITRE CWE-601
1,462 results · Feed
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Critical 9.6
immich: One-click account takeover via XSS in login page continue redirect
immich is a high performance self-hosted photo and video management solution. From commit 4ffa26c9 until 4eb1003, a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability on the /auth/login page allows an attacker to fully compromise any authenticated user's acco…
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Medium 6.1
WebOb: Location header normalization during redirect leads to open redirect
WebOb provides objects for HTTP requests and responses. Prior to 1.8.10, the normalization of the HTTP Location header during a redirect is vulnerable to an open redirect: WebOb joins the redirect target to the request URI using Python's urljoin, and since Py…
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Medium 6.1
Nuxt - Open Redirect via Protocol-Relative Paths in reloadNuxtApp
Nuxt versions 4.0.0 before 4.4.7 and 3.x before 3.21.7 accept protocol-relative paths such as //evil.com in the reloadNuxtApp function; these pass the script-protocol check but resolve to a cross-origin URL against the current page protocol. Attackers can inj…
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Medium 6.1
Nuxt - Server-Side Open Redirect via Path-Normalization Bypass in navigateTo
Nuxt versions 4.0.0 before 4.4.7 and 3.x before 3.21.7 contain a server-side open redirect vulnerability in navigateTo that fails to properly validate path-normalized payloads like /..//evil.com and /.//evil.com. Attackers can bypass external-host checks usin…
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Medium 5.4
Authlib OAuth 2.0 authorization endpoint open redirects to attacker-controlled redirect_uri on unsupported response_type
Authlib is a Python library which builds OAuth and OpenID Connect servers. Prior to 1.6.10 and 1.7.1, Authlib's OAuth 2.0 authorization endpoint can be turned into an unauthenticated open redirect when a request uses an unsupported response_type and supplies …
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Medium 5.1
Open redirect
An unvalidated redirect was contained in Venueless' social login functionality and could be exploited for phishing using trusted domains.
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Medium 4.3
lemonldap-ng SAML Common Domain Cookie Endpoint CDC.pm redirect
A vulnerability was detected in lemonldap-ng up to 2.23.0. Impacted is an unknown function in the library lemonldap-ng-portal/lib/Lemonldap/NG/Portal/CDC.pm of the component SAML Common Domain Cookie Endpoint. Performing a manipulation of the argument url res…
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Medium 4.7
Capgo - Open Redirect via confirmation_url Parameter
Capgo before 12.128.2 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the confirm-signup endpoint that allows attackers to redirect users to arbitrary external websites. The confirmation_url parameter is not validated, enabling attackers to craft malicious links f…
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Low 3.5
Capgo - Open Redirect via Unvalidated Stripe Billing URLs
Capgo before 12.128.2 contains an open redirect vulnerability in stripe_portal and stripe_checkout endpoints that accept unvalidated callbackUrl, successUrl, and cancelUrl parameters. Authenticated attackers can craft malicious billing URLs to redirect users …
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High 8.8
Microsoft 365 Copilot's Business Chat Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
Url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') in Microsoft 365 Copilot's Business Chat allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network.
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Medium 5.3
Open Redirect Vulnerability in Password Reset Submission in GridTime™ 3000 GNSS Time Server
The GridTime 3000 GNSS Time Server has an open redirect vulnerability in the password change form submission. This issue affects GridTime 3000: from 1.0r0.03 through 1.1r0.0.
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Low 2.1
Apache APISIX: Cas-auth Host header influence on CAS service URL
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Apache APISIX. The attacker could manipulate some client headers to perform an open-redirect, to potentially expose the session token. This issue affects Apache APISIX: from 3.0.0 through 3.…
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Low 2.1
Apache APISIX: Cas-auth plugin open redirect via unsanitized cookie value
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Apache APISIX. The default configuration of cas-auth in Apache APISIX is vulnerable to phishing and credential theft. This issue affects Apache APISIX: from 3.0.0 through 3.16.0. Users are r…
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Medium 4.3
pgAdmin 4: Open redirect in multi-factor authentication flow via unvalidated 'next' parameter
Open redirect in pgAdmin 4's multi-factor authentication flow. The MFA validate and register endpoints honoured the user-supplied 'next' query/form parameter without confirming the target pointed back inside pgAdmin, so an authenticated victim who clicked /mf…
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High 8.8
AutoGPT SignUp Page has DOM-Based XSS and Open Redirect
AutoGPT is a workflow automation platform for creating, deploying, and managing continuous artificial intelligence agents. Versions prior to 0.6.62 have a DOM-based Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in AutoGPT's signup page. The application improperly …
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Medium 4.3
A vulnerability in the browser-based version of Cisco Webex App could have allowed an unauthenticated, remote attacker …
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Medium 4.3
Dell PowerFlex Manager, version(s) prior to 5.1.0.1, contain(s) a Host Header Injection vulnerability. An unauthenticat…
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Medium 5.1
Open redirection vulnerability in Password Manager
Open redirection vulnerability in the authentication system allows an attacker to use manipulated values in the X-Forwarded-Host header to alter the URLs generated by the application. A successful exploit could redirect authenticated users to malicious sites …
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Medium 5.1
Open redirection vulnerability in Password Manager
Open redirection vulnerability due to insufficient validation of the X-Forwarded-Host HTTP header. An attacker could create manipulated links that, when opened by a victim, cause the victim to be redirected to domains controlled by the attacker, enabling phis…
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High 7.5
Vulnerability in the Oracle Human Resources product of Oracle E-Business Suite (component: Person). Supported versions …
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High 8.0
Vulnerability in the Oracle iSupplier Portal product of Oracle E-Business Suite (component: Home Page). Supported versi…
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High 8.2
Vulnerability in the Oracle WebCenter Content product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Content Server). The supp…
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High 8.0
Vulnerability in the Oracle WebCenter Sites product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: WebCenter Sites). Supported…
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High 8.3
Vulnerability in the WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Console). Supported versions that …
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High 8.8
Vulnerability in the WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Console). Supported versions that …
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High 8.7
Vulnerability in the WebLogic Server product of Oracle Fusion Middleware (component: Console). Supported versions that …
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Medium 6.8
Nezha Monitoring: OAuth2 Redirect URL — Host Header Injection
Nezha Monitoring is a self-hostable, lightweight, servers and websites monitoring and O&M tool. From version 1.0.0 to before version 2.2.0, the getRedirectURL function in oauth2.go:22-29 constructs the OAuth2 callback URL by concatenating the request's Host h…
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Medium 6.1
Aqara IAM/SSO Gateway open redirect
The Aqara IAM/SSO Gateway (gw-builder.aqara.com) provides an open redirect, which is an instance of "CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site," with an estimated CVSS of CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N (6.1 Medium), which can be used to set up …
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Medium 5.4
Umbraco.Cms: Open Redirect Vulnerability in Surface Controllers
Umbraco is an ASP.NET CMS. Prior to versions 13.14.0 and 17.4.0, some of the Surface Controllers in the CMS provide to support member related operations fail to validate redirect URLs, making Razor templates that derive 'RedirectUrl' from user-controlled quer…
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Medium 6.1
Roxy-WI: Open redirect on /login?next= via basic-auth userinfo syntax bypass
Roxy-WI is a web interface for managing Haproxy, Nginx, Apache and Keepalived servers. In versions 8.2.6.4 and prior, the login flow allow-lists next URLs by rejecting strings containing https:// or http:// substrings, then constructs https://{request.host}{n…
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High 7.1
httpc leaks Authorization header to cross-origin redirect targets
Sensitive Data Exposure vulnerability in Erlang OTP inets (httpc_response module) allows Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data. The httpc client forwards the Authorization and Proxy-Authorization request headers to redirect targets without checking whether the red…
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Medium 4.3
Jenkins: Open Redirect phishing attacks possible via "from" parameter in "Delegate to servlet container"
Jenkins 2.567 and earlier, LTS 2.555.2 and earlier does not ensure that the "from" parameter in the "Delegate to servlet container" security realm is safe to redirect to after login, allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks by redirecting users to an at…
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Medium 4.3
Jenkins Open Redirect Through Newline/Tab Characters in Redirect URL
Jenkins 2.567 and earlier, LTS 2.555.2 and earlier improperly determines that a redirect URL after login is legitimately pointing to Jenkins when it contains tab or newline characters between `//`, allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks.
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Medium 4.3
Jenkins Open Redirect via Relative Path Segments in Post-Login Redirect URL
Jenkins 2.567 and earlier, LTS 2.555.2 and earlier improperly determines that a redirect URL after login is legitimately pointing to Jenkins when it contains relative path segments (`./` or `../`), allowing attackers to perform phishing attacks.
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Medium 6.1
Open Redirect When Using CookieRequestCache
Spring Security's CookieRequestCache and CookieServerRequestCache store the pre-authentication request URL in a browser cookie so that users can be redirected back to their intended destination after a successful login. In affected versions, the full absolute…
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Medium 6.1
Spring Security Authorization Server Open Redirect via request_uri
Spring Security Authorization Server's authorization endpoint performs insufficient validation of the request_uri parameter. An attacker can craft a malicious authorization request containing an invalid request_uri and an arbitrary, unvalidated redirect_uri, …
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Medium 6.1
Adobe Experience Manager | URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') (CWE-601)
Adobe Experience Manager versions 6.5.24, LTS SP1, 2026.04 and earlier are affected by an Improper Redirect (Open Redirect) vulnerability that could result in a Security feature bypass. An attacker could construct a malicious URL that redirects a victim to an…
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Medium 4.8
SolarWinds Observability Self-Hosted Open Redirect Vulnerability
A vulnerability in which an attacker can provide a crafted external URL that may redirect a user to an unintended website.
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Medium 5.3
TYPO3 CMS - Open Redirect in Core Utilities
Applications that use GeneralUtility::sanitizeLocalUrl to allow only local URLs are vulnerable to open redirect attacks if the URL is used after it has passed the aforementioned sanitization checks. This enables attackers to redirect users to external content…
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Medium 4.2
Spring Framework Open Redirect in Spring MVC and WebFlux
A Spring MVC or Spring WebFlux application which configures a mapping for "/**" where the view name is not explicitly specified allows an attacker to craft a link resulting in a 302 redirect to an arbitrary external host via the redirect: prefix. Affected ver…