Weakness (CWE)
CWE-78: OS Command Injection
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command before it is sent to a downstream component.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
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Architecture and Design
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
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Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
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Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Source: MITRE CWE-78
5,327 results · Feed
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Critical 9.8
An issue was discovered in bytebot-ai in commit 3d37894ce07ef8d8b40adc7fd309ad96c2a71313 (2025-09-11) allowing attacker…
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Critical 9.8
AVideo before 29.0 OS Command Injection via execAsync
AVideo before 29.0 contains an incomplete fix for CVE-2026-45578 where execAsync() re-wraps escaped commands in double-quoted sh -c, allowing command substitution via $() and backticks. Attackers can inject arbitrary OS commands through the Live plugin on_pub…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2026-63766 Public exploit
GPT-SoVITS 20250606v2pro OS Command Injection via webui.py
GPT-SoVITS through 20250606v2pro contains an OS command injection vulnerability in webui.py where ASR, slice, denoise, and uvr5 functions interpolate unsanitized Gradio textbox values directly into shell commands executed with shell=True. Attackers can inject…
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High 8.6
Authenticated RCE via Malicious eTemplate Upload in EGroupware
In egroupware version 26.0 and earlier, an authenticated administrator can achieve OS-level Remote Code Execution (RCE) by uploading a malicious eTemplate XML file (`.xet`) to the VFS `/etemplates` mount. The `Widget::expand_name()` method passes template wid…
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Critical 9.9
Network-AI has an an OS Command Injection issue
Network-AI is a TypeScript/Node.js multi-agent orchestrator. Prior to version 5.9.1, the agent sandbox gates shell commands behind an allowlist (`SandboxPolicy.isCommandAllowed`), which THREAT_MODEL.md calls the main control against a compromised agent (Adver…
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High 7.2
Authenticated RCE in system_certificates view
An high privileged remote attacker can exploit an authenticated OS command injection vulnerability in the system_certificates view due to improper neutralization of special elements in an OS command. This can result in a total loss of confidentiality, availab…
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High 8.8
Langflow is affected by remote code execution, denial of service, path traversal, and exposed credentials due to multiple unauthenticated and insufficiently authorized API endpoints
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.10.1 Langflow could allow an authenticated user to execute arbitrary commands with elevated privileges on the system due to improper validation of user supplied input in the Python Interpreter component.
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Medium 5.6CVE-2026-46420 Public exploit
setup-php: Command Injection in Repository-Derived PHP Version Resolution
setup-php is a GitHub action to set up PHP with extensions, php.ini configuration, coverage drivers, and tools. From 2.25.0 prior to 2.37.1, shivammathur/setup-php resolves the PHP version from repository-controlled files such as .php-version, composer.lock t…
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High 8.7
systeminformation: OS command injection in networkInterfaces() via interfaces(5) source-directive path on Linux
systeminformation is a System and OS information library for node.js. Prior to 5.31.7, networkInterfaces() on Linux is vulnerable to OS command injection through the Debian/Ubuntu interfaces(5) source directive because lib/network.js checkLinuxDCHPInterfaces(…
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Medium 5.4
Multiple Vulnerabilities in IBM Engineering AI hub.
IBM Engineering AI Hub 1.0.0, 1.1.0, and 1.2.0 could allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary script code due to improper neutralization of input during web page generation.
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High 8.8
Agentic-Flow: OS Command Injection in agentic-flow MCP server tools via unsanitized tool-parameter interpolation into execSync
Agentic-Flow is an AI agent orchestration platform. Prior to 2.0.14, agentic-flow MCP server tools in src/mcp/standalone-stdio.ts, src/mcp/fastmcp/servers/claude-flow-sdk.ts, src/mcp/fastmcp/servers/stdio-full.ts, src/mcp/fastmcp/servers/http-streaming-update…
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Critical 9.1
django-pyas2 through 1.2.3 is vulnerable to OS command injection via the cmd_receive and cmd_send fields on the Partner…
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High 8.1
AVideo incomplete fix for CVE-2026-33482: sanitizeFFmpegCommand still allows a single '&' (background operator), giving OS command execution at the same execAsync sh -c sink
WWBN AVideo is an open source video platform. Versions 29.0 and below remain vulnerable to OS command injection because the fix for CVE-2026-33482 was incomplete and still does not neutralize a single & ( the shell background operator). CVE-2026-33482 reporte…
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High 8.8
The Lenovo XClarity Integrator for Windows Admin Center plugin version 5.1.1 and below running on the WAC Gateway is vu…
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Medium 5.3
Claude Code Action: Malicious MCP Server Configuration in PRs Enables Remote Code Execution and Secret Exfiltration
Claude Code Action is a general-purpose GitHub action that runs Claude Code on GitHub pull requests and issues. Prior to 1.0.74, because the action checked out attacker-controlled pull request head branches, read .mcp.json from the working directory via defau…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2026-45695 Scanner template
Kopia: Unauthenticated RCE via SSH ProxyCommand Injection when --insecure --without-password is used
Kopia is a cross-platform backup tool for Windows, macOS, and Linux with fast incremental backups, client-side end-to-end encryption, compression, and data deduplication. Prior to 0.23.0, Kopia's HTTP server started with --without-password accepts unauthentic…
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High 8.1
AVideo through 29.0 OS Command Injection via ffmpeg.json.php
AVideo through 29.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the ffmpeg.json.php endpoint where notifyCode and callback parameters are concatenated into a shell command without escaping. Attackers who can craft a valid encrypted payload can inject ar…
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High 8.1
AVideo through 29.0 OS Command Injection via listFFmpegProcesses
AVideo through 29.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in plugin/API/standAlone/functions.php where the listFFmpegProcesses() function interpolates unsanitized keyword parameters inside single quotes without escaping. Attackers who can craft a val…
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Critical 9.8
Origin Validation Error in X-Rite MA-T6
An unauthenticated remote attacker is able to perform remote code execution due to incorrectly sanitized user input in the SetParameter command.
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Critical 9.9
Wekan: Shell Injection via Avatar Upload
Wekan is open source kanban built with Meteor. Prior to 9.07, Wekan avatar upload functionality embeds user-supplied filenames into paths later passed to child_process.exec() for MIME-type detection. Because models/avatars.js and models/fileValidation.js used…
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High 8.8
MaaAssistantArknights: PR-title expression injection in release-preparation.yml
MaaAssistantArknights is a one-click tool for daily Arknights tasks. In the current dev-v2 workflow, .github/workflows/release-preparation.yml inlined attacker-controlled github.event.pull_request.title into a run: shell command during the pull_request opened…
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High 8.8
9Router: Authenticated RCE via Unvalidated MCP Plugin Arguments
9Router is an AI router & token saver. Prior to 0.5.2, 9Router allows a remote authenticated attacker to achieve arbitrary code execution on the host operating system by combining a Host header bypass of localhost-only routes with unvalidated MCP plugin args …
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Critical 10.0
9Router: Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution via unprotected MCP custom plugin routes
9Router is an AI router & token saver. From 0.4.30 until 0.4.37, 9Router's src/proxy.js middleware did not protect /api/cli-tools/* and /api/mcp/*, allowing unauthenticated registration of customPlugins through src/app/api/cli-tools/cowork-settings/route.js a…
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Medium 6.7
NocoBase backup restore schema name allows command injection
NocoBase is an AI-powered no-code/low-code platform for building business applications and enterprise solutions. Prior to 2.1.19, NocoBase @nocobase/plugin-backups restored PostgreSQL backups by interpolating the database.schema value from _metadata.json into…
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High 7.8
OS command injection in jsii-diff in AWS jsii
OS command injection in the npm package loading component in AWS jsii-diff before 1.131.0 might allow context-dependent attackers to execute arbitrary commands via crafted package specifiers passed to the npm: source argument. To mitigate this issue, users sh…
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High 7.8
Tabby: Drag-and-drop path injection still allows RCE via shell command substitution (incomplete fix for CVE-2026-45038)
Tabby (formerly Terminus) is a highly configurable terminal emulator. Prior to 1.0.234, Tabby inserts dropped file paths from tabby-electron/src/pathDrop.ts into the active shell without neutralizing command substitution metacharacters such as $(…) and `…`, s…
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High 8.1
PraisonAI before 1.6.78 Remote Code Execution via SkillTools
PraisonAI before 1.6.78 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in SkillTools.run_skill_script() that executes scripts without path containment validation. Attackers can supply absolute file paths to execute arbitrary scripts from any filesystem locati…
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High 7.3
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 Remote Code Execution via Broken AST Sandbox
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in JobWorkflowExecutor._exec_inline_python() due to insufficient AST validation of workflow script steps. Attackers can create malicious YAML workflow files with import os statements follo…
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High 8.2
Animate | Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') (CWE-78)
Animate is affected by an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user inter…
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High 7.7
Animate | Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') (CWE-78)
Animate is affected by an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user inter…
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High 8.5
OS Command Injection in TR-069 (CWMP) Management Interface in TP-Link Archer VX1800v
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in Archer VX800v v1 due to insufficient input sanitization of the domain name parameter. An adjacent attacker who can access the relevant HTTP interface can modify the parameter to inject shell metacharacters, resu…
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High 8.6
OS Command Injection in TR-069 (CWMP) Management Interface in TP-Link Archer VX1800v
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the TR-069 / CWMP management interface of Archer VX1800v v1 due to insufficient input validation and sanitization of parameters, allowing crafted input to be executed as system-level commands. Exploitation requi…
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Critical 9.8
Sustainable Irrigation Platform 5.2.16 RCE via cli_control Plugin Command Injection
Sustainable Irrigation Platform (SIP) through version 5.2.16 contains a command injection vulnerability in the optional cli_control plugin that allows unauthenticated or cross-site request forgery attackers to execute arbitrary operating-system commands by st…
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High 8.8
Apache Kylin: OS Command Injection via Async Query API
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability in Apache Kylin. A backend API may bring job config parameters to OS command line. This issue affects Apache Kylin: from 4 through 5.0.3. Users are recomm…
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Critical 9.1
Remote Code Execution by administrative user on the Management Server
Milestone has released a new version of XProtect® (and several cumulative patch updates) which fix security vulnerability in Management Server API. The vulnerability causes users with edit permissions to the Management Server to be able to execute arbitrary c…
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Medium 5.2
mk_sap_hana: Privilege escalation via crafted sapstartsrv process name
Privilege escalation in Checkmk versions 2.5.0 before 2.5.0p9, 2.4.0 before 2.4.0p34, 2.3.0 before 2.3.0p49, and 2.2.0 (EOL) allows a local unprivileged user to execute arbitrary commands as root by starting a process crafted to look like a SAP HANA instance.…
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Medium 5.3
louisho5 picobot exec Tool exec.go ExecTool.Execute os command injection
A vulnerability was found in louisho5 picobot up to 0.2.0. This issue affects the function ExecTool.Execute of the file internal/agent/tools/exec.go of the component exec Tool. The manipulation results in os command injection. The attack requires a local appr…
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Critical 9.8
Vitec Flamingo 4.12.2 Unauthenticated OS Command Injection via gen_graphs.php
Vitec Flamingo 4.12.2 contains an unauthenticated OS command injection vulnerability in the admin/ajax/gen_graphs.php endpoint that allows remote unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary commands by supplying shell metacharacters in the start, end, key,…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2026-60121 Public exploit
Vitec Flamingo 4.12.2 Unauthenticated OS Command Injection via ping.php
Vitec Flamingo 4.12.2 contains an unauthenticated OS command injection vulnerability in the admin/ajax/ping.php endpoint that allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands by exploiting a double-evaluation flaw in shell argument handling. The endpoint…
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High 8.6
Comnand injection in OCPP ReserveLogin message
The OCPP DataTransfer message `ReserveLogin` is vulnerable to command injection. By manipulating the data value, arbitrary OS commands can be executed as root.