Weakness (CWE)
CWE-78: OS Command Injection
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command before it is sent to a downstream component.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
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Architecture and Design
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
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Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
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Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Source: MITRE CWE-78
5,327 results · Feed
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Medium 6.3
Shibby Tomato CIFS Mount sub_2D048 os command injection
A weakness has been identified in Shibby Tomato up to 1.28.0000. This affects the function sub_2D048 of the component CIFS Mount Handler. Executing a manipulation of the argument cifs1/cifs2 can lead to os command injection. The attack can be executed remotel…
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Medium 6.3
Shibby Tomato start_jffs2 sub_2D568 os command injection
A security flaw has been discovered in Shibby Tomato up to 1.28.0000. Affected by this issue is the function sub_2D568 of the component start_jffs2. Performing a manipulation of the argument jffs2_exec results in os command injection. Remote exploitation of t…
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Medium 6.3
Wavlink WL-NU516U1 adm.cgi wlink_uci_set_value os command injection
A security flaw has been discovered in Wavlink WL-NU516U1 260515. This affects the function wlink_uci_set_value of the file /cgi-bin/adm.cgi. Performing a manipulation of the argument lan_ip results in os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotel…
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Critical 9.8
Comfast CF-WR631AX V3 FastCGI Backend webmgnt system_wl_upload_pic_file os command injection
A vulnerability was determined in Comfast CF-WR631AX V3 up to 2.7.0.8. Affected by this vulnerability is the function system_wl_upload_pic_file of the file /usr/bin/webmgnt of the component FastCGI Backend. This manipulation of the argument filename causes os…
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Medium 6.3
SonicCloudOrg sonic-agent Groovy Script GroovyScriptImpl.java evalIsFailed os command injection
A vulnerability was found in SonicCloudOrg sonic-agent up to 2.7.2. The impacted element is the function evalIsFailed of the file sonic-agent/src/main/java/org/cloud/sonic/agent/tests/script/GroovyScriptImpl.java of the component Groovy Script Handler. The ma…
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Medium 6.3
SonicCloudOrg sonic-agent Android WebSocket Server AndroidWSServer.java os command injection
A vulnerability has been found in SonicCloudOrg sonic-agent up to 2.7.2. The affected element is an unknown function of the file AndroidWSServer.java of the component Android WebSocket Server. The manipulation of the argument path leads to os command injectio…
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Medium 6.3
TRENDnet TEW-821DAP Firmware Update system_ntp sub_41FBD0 os command injection
A vulnerability was found in TRENDnet TEW-821DAP 1.11B03. This impacts the function sub_41FBD0 of the file /goform/system_ntp of the component Firmware Update Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument Hostname results in os command injection. The att…
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Medium 6.3
TRENDnet TEW-821DAP Firmware Update tools_ddns sub_42026C os command injection
A vulnerability has been found in TRENDnet TEW-821DAP 1.11B03. This affects the function sub_42026C of the file /goform/tools_ddns of the component Firmware Update Handler. Such manipulation of the argument hostname/username/password leads to os command injec…
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Medium 6.3
TRENDnet TEW-821DAP DNS Lookup tools_nslookup sub_43F2C4 os command injection
A flaw has been found in TRENDnet TEW-821DAP 1.11B03. The impacted element is the function sub_43F2C4 of the file /goform/tools_nslookup of the component DNS Lookup Handler. This manipulation of the argument nslookup_target/dns_server causes os command inject…
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Critical 9.9
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 Arbitrary File Write and Command Execution
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 contains arbitrary file write and command execution vulnerabilities in the AICoder component due to missing path validation and command sanitization in LLM tool calls. Attackers can inject malicious prompts through the chat interface t…
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High 8.8
HestiaCP < 1.9.5 Authenticated OS Command Injection via DNS Record Management
HestiaCP before 1.9.5 contains an authenticated OS command injection vulnerability that allows low-privilege authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands as root by injecting a single-quote character into unvalidated DNS record types. Attackers can explo…
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High 8.8
MaxKB MCP tool import validation bypass allows post-authentication remote code execution
MaxKB is an open-source AI assistant for enterprise. Prior to 2.10.0-lts, MaxKB tool import functionality in apps/tools/serializers/tool.py and MCP referencing mode in apps/application/chat_pipeline/step/chat_step/impl/base_chat_step.py do not consistently va…
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High 8.8
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 Allowlist Bypass via find -exec
PraisonAI versions before 4.6.78 contain an allowlist bypass vulnerability in shell command execution that allows attackers to execute restricted commands via find's built-in -exec, -execdir, and -delete actions. Attackers can craft find commands with these b…
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Critical 9.1
Dell PowerFlex Manager, Version prior to 5.1.0.1, contain(s) an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an …
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Critical 9.0
OS Command Injection in R-SOFT DMS
R-SOFT DMS is vulnerable to OS Command Injection in the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) module. Multiple command execution functions accept user-controllable file paths without proper sanitization before passing them to the system shell via SSH. In curren…
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High 8.7
OS Command Injection in R-SOFT DMS
R-SOFT DMS is vulnerable to OS Command Injection in konwertujAction() function. The document converter executes shell commands using unsanitized file paths and format parameters. This allows an authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary system commands with …
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Medium 6.0
PAN-OS: Authenticated Command Injection in CLI
A command injection vulnerability in the management plane of Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an authenticated administrator to execute arbitrary OS commands as root. The security risk posed by this issue is significantly minimized when CLI access …
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High 7.5
Discourse: Remote code execution via pdf uploads
Discourse is an open-source discussion platform. Prior to 2026.6.0, 2026.5.1, 2026.4.2, and 2026.1.5, under certain non-default configurations, processing of PDF uploads could be exploited to obtain RCE on the server. This issue is patched in 2026.6.0, 2026.5…
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High 8.8CVE-2026-59734 Public exploit
Coolify: OS Command Injection in Health Check Configuration Allows Remote Code Execution
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.469, Coolify's app/Jobs/ApplicationDeploymentJob.php generate_healthcheck_commands() function directly interpolated the health_check_host, …
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Critical 10.0
Ruflo: Unauthenticated RCE in MCP bridge default docker-compose deployment
Ruflo is an agent meta-harness for Claude Code and Codex. Prior to 3.16.3, ruflo's default docker-compose deployment exposed the MCP bridge POST /mcp and POST /mcp/:group endpoints without authentication, allowing an unauthenticated network attacker to invoke…
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High 7.2
Hoppscotch: Admin RCE via MAILER_SMTP_URL nodemailer sendmail-transport injection
Hoppscotch is an open source API development ecosystem. Prior to 2026.6.0, the updateInfraConfigs GraphQL mutation in admin/infra.resolver.ts accepts an attacker-controlled MAILER_SMTP_URL value, and validateSMTPUrl in utils.ts permits path, query, or fragmen…
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Medium 5.3
AidanPark openclaw-android Android WebView Bridge JsBridge.kt os command injection
A vulnerability was determined in AidanPark openclaw-android up to 0.4.0. The affected element is an unknown function of the file android/app/src/main/java/com/openclaw/android/JsBridge.kt of the component Android WebView Bridge. This manipulation causes os c…
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High 7.8
gpsd gpsprof Command Injection via gnuplot plot title subtype field
gpsd through release-3.27.5, fixed at commit 4c06658, contains a command injection vulnerability in gpsprof that allows attackers who control the GPS device subtype value to execute arbitrary shell commands by embedding backtick payloads in the gnuplot plot t…
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High 8.5
@cyclonedx/cyclonedx-npm: Shell Injection via Unsanitized `--workspace` Argument
@cyclonedx/cyclonedx-npm creates CycloneDX Software Bill of Materials from npm projects. From 2.1.0 before 5.0.0, the CLI passes user-supplied --workspace values to a subshell without proper sanitization when npm_execpath is unset or empty, allowing arbitrary…
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High 8.8
Horde VFS < 3.0.1 OS Command Injection via Horde_Vfs_Smb Driver
Horde Virtual File System (VFS) API before 3.0.1 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the Horde_Vfs_Smb driver where the _escapeShellCommand() method fails to sanitize command substitution sequences, allowing authenticated attackers to inject arb…
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Medium 4.7
ToolJet GitHub Actions comment body shell injection exposes deployment secrets
ToolJet is an open-source low-code platform for building internal tools. Prior to 3.20.180, ToolJet's render preview deployment workflow interpolates github.event.comment.body directly into a bash conditional in a run step, allowing any GitHub user who can co…
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Medium 6.3
christopherthielen check-peer-dependencies peerDependencies packageUtils.js shelljs.exec os command injection
A flaw has been found in christopherthielen check-peer-dependencies up to 4.3.4. Affected by this vulnerability is the function shelljs.exec of the file dist/packageUtils.js of the component peerDependencies. This manipulation causes os command injection. The…
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High 7.2
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the start_bonjour() function of the "rc" binary in Cisco RV130/RV130W w…
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High 7.2
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the save_syslog_to_file() function of the "httpd" binary in Cisco RV130…
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High 7.2
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the start_lltd() function of the "rc" binary in Cisco RV130/RV130W with…
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High 7.2
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the sub_34984() function of the "rc" binary in Cisco RV130/RV130W with …
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High 8.3
Coder vulnerable to SSH config injection via unsanitized server-supplied values in `coder config-ssh`
Coder allows organizations to provision remote development environments via Terraform. Prior to versions 2.29.7, 2.32.7, 2.33.8, and 2.34.2, `coder config-ssh` wrote server-supplied SSH settings (`HostnameSuffix`, `SSHConfigOptions`) into the user's `~/.ssh/c…
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High 8.1
Coder vulnerable to workspace auto-creation via crafted URL parameters without user consent
Coder allows organizations to provision remote development environments via Terraform. Prior to versions 2.29.7 and 2.30.2, the `dotfiles` registry module passed unsanitized user input to shell commands, allowing arbitrary code execution inside a provisioned …
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Critical 9.8
9Router < 0.4.44 - OS Command Injection via sudoPassword Parameter in Tailscale Install Endpoint
9Router before 0.4.44 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the unauthenticated POST /api/tunnel/tailscale-install endpoint (this route is not covered by the dashboard middleware matcher, so no authorization check is applied). The sudoPassword fie…
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High 7.2
Dell PowerProtect Data Domain, versions 7.7.1.0 through 8.7, LTS2026 release version 8.6.1.0 through 8.6.1.10, LTS2025 …
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Low 3.3
Coolify: OS Command Injection via Database Credential Fields in Docker Compose Service Commands
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.474, database credential fields (redis_password, keydb_password, dragonfly_password, clickhouse_admin_user, clickhouse_admin_password, post…
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High 8.8
Coolify: Command injection via single-quote breakout in Docker Compose custom commands
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.469, the executeInDocker() helper wraps user-controlled commands in single quotes without escaping embedded single quotes. Attackers who ca…
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High 8.8
Coolify: Authenticated Remote Code Execution via Command Injection in Database Import Container Name
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.471, the database import Livewire component (app/Livewire/Project/Database/Import.php) allows client-controlled container and server proper…
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High 8.8
Coolify: OS Command Injection via Persistent Volume Names - Root RCE on Managed Servers
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.471, user-controlled persistent volume names are interpolated into shell commands executed on managed servers without escaping or validatio…
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High 8.8
Coolify: Command Injection via Newline in Pre/Post Deployment Commands (Heredoc Transport)
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.471, pre-deployment and post-deployment commands are single-quote escaped but then sent through SSH heredoc transport that preserves newlin…