Weakness (CWE)
CWE-78: OS Command Injection
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command before it is sent to a downstream component.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
-
Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
-
Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
-
Architecture and Design
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
-
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
-
Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
-
Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
-
Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
-
Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Source: MITRE CWE-78
5,327 results · Feed
-
High 7.7
OS Command Injection in Rapid7 InsightConnect Translate Plugin
OS Command Injection vulnerability in the TR action of Rapid7 InsightConnect Translate Plugin on Linux allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via the text or expression parameters due to insufficient input sanitization in shell command const…
-
High 7.7
OS Command Injection in Rapid7 InsightConnect Ping Plugin
OS Command Injection vulnerability in the ping action of Rapid7 InsightConnect Ping Plugin on Linux allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via the host parameter due to insufficient input validation when constructing shell commands.
-
High 8.8
OS Command Injection in Rapid7 InsightConnect Sed Plugin via expression parameter.
OS Command Injection vulnerability in Rapid7 InsightConnect Sed Plugin on Linux allows authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via the expression parameter due to insufficient input validation.
-
Medium 6.0
OS Command Injection in Rapid7 InsightConnect SQLmap Plugin
OS Command Injection vulnerability in Rapid7 InsightConnect SQLmap Plugin on Linux allows authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via the api_host or api_port parameters during connection configuration due to insufficient input validation.
-
Medium 6.0
OS Command Injection in Rapid7 InsightConnect RPM Plugin
OS Command Injection vulnerability in Rapid7 InsightConnect RPM Plugin on Linux allows authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands via the repo, key, or name parameters due to insufficient input sanitization in shell command construction.
-
High 8.6
Cacti: Command Injection via escape_command() no-op in RRDtool execution
Cacti is an open source performance and fault management framework. Versions 1.2.30 and prior are vulnerable to Command Injection due to lack of sanitization in the escape_command() function. The escape_command() function at lib/rrd.php is a no-op: it returns…
-
High 8.8
Quest NetVault Backup NVBULogDaemon Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Quest NetVault Backup NVBULogDaemon Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Quest NetVault Backup. Although authentication is required to exploit …
-
Critical 9.8CVE-2026-39938 Public exploit
Cacti: Unauthenticated RCE on Graph Image
Cacti is an open source performance and fault management framework. Versions 1.2.30 and prior have unauthenticated LFI through graph_theme and rrdtool IPC serialization hardening. This issue has been resolved in version 1.2.31.
-
High 8.8
Unraid Web Server ToggleState Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Unraid Web Server ToggleState Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Unraid. Authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability. The specif…
-
High 8.8
Unraid Web Server FileUpload Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Unraid Web Server FileUpload Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of Unraid. Authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability. The specifi…
-
Critical 9.8
Rclone: Unauthenticated command execution in `rclone rcd --rc-serve` via inline remote instantiation, bypassing CVE-2026-41179 fix
Rclone is a command-line program to sync files and directories to and from different cloud storage providers. From 1.46.0 until 1.74.3, rclone rcd --rc-serve accepts unauthenticated GET and HEAD requests to paths of the form: /[remote:path]/object. The remote…
-
High 8.0
Warp branch selector command injection via Git branch names
Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2025.08.06.08.12.stable_00 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp contains a command injection in the prompt branch selector. A user who can publish a branch to a Git repository opened in Warp can cause a c…
-
High 7.8
Warp: Linux external editor command injection
Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2024.02.20.08.01.stable_01 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp contains a command injection issue in the Linux external editor launcher. Warp expanded freedesktop .desktop Exec templates for affected edi…
-
High 8.8CVE-2026-48732 Public exploit
Warp: Remote SSH cwd can lead to unauthorized remote command execution
Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2023.03.21.08.02.stable_00 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp contains a command injection issue in the legacy SSH background command path. Warp used the remote working directory reported by the session…
-
Medium 4.3CVE-2026-54686 Public exploit
Warp: DCS lifecycle hook spoofing can alter terminal session metadata
Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2021.04.25.23.05.stable_00 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp accepted certain state-mutating terminal lifecycle hooks from the PTY stream without verifying that the hooks were emitted by Warp's shell i…
-
High 7.7
Warp: OS command injection when opening terminal links from WSL
Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2024.03.12.08.02.stable_01 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the WSL URL-opening fallback. When Warp is running under WSL and cannot open a URL through…
-
High 7.8
Warp: Command Injection via Warp code search tool arguments
Warp is an agentic development environment. From 0.2025.04.09.08.11.stable_00 until 0.2026.05.06.15.42.stable_01, Warp contains a command execution policy bypass in Agent code search tools. The affected Grep and FileGlob actions are authorized as read/search …
-
Critical 10.0
Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution in Gemini CLI CI/CD Workflows
Improper Neutralization used in an OS Command in the container launcher in Google Gemini CLI (versions prior to 0.39.1) and run-gemini-cli GitHub Action (versions prior to 0.1.22) on headless CI platforms allows an unprivileged attacker to achieve pre-sandbox…
-
Medium 5.0
Jenkins Git client Plugin has an OS command injection vulnerability on agents
Jenkins Git client Plugin 6.6.0 and earlier does not correctly escape the workspace directory name when it is embedded into a generated SSH wrapper script, allowing attackers able to control the name of a build's working directory to execute arbitrary operati…
-
Critical 9.1
GeoVision GV-I/O Box 4E libNetSetObj.so OS command injection vulnerability
Multiple OS command injection vulnerabilities exist in the libNetSetObj.so functionality of GeoVision GV-I/O Box 4E 2.09. A specially crafted network packet can lead to command execution. An attacker can send a network request to trigger this vulnerability. `…
-
Critical 9.1
GeoVision GV-I/O Box 4E libNetSetObj.so OS command injection vulnerability
Multiple OS command injection vulnerabilities exist in the libNetSetObj.so functionality of GeoVision GV-I/O Box 4E 2.09. A specially crafted network packet can lead to command execution. An attacker can send a network request to trigger this vulnerability. `…
-
Critical 9.1
GeoVision GV-I/O Box 4E libNetSetObj.so OS command injection vulnerability
Multiple OS command injection vulnerabilities exist in the libNetSetObj.so functionality of GeoVision GV-I/O Box 4E 2.09. A specially crafted network packet can lead to command execution. An attacker can send a network request to trigger this vulnerability. `…
-
Critical 9.1
GeoVision GV-I/O Box 4E libNetSetObj.so OS command injection vulnerability
Multiple OS command injection vulnerabilities exist in the libNetSetObj.so functionality of GeoVision GV-I/O Box 4E 2.09. A specially crafted network packet can lead to command execution. An attacker can send a network request to trigger this vulnerability. `…
-
Medium 6.3
@rtk-ai/rtk-rewrite: OpenClaw Rewrite Plugin Command Injection via execSync Template String
@rtk-ai/rtk-rewrite transparently rewrites shell commands executed via OpenClaw's exec tool to their RTK equivalents. In 1.0.0, the @rtk-ai/rtk-rewrite OpenClaw plugin passes attacker-controlled input directly into a shell-backed execSync() template string wi…
-
High 8.1
Deno: Command Injection via spawnSync & spawn on Windows
Deno is a JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly runtime. Prior to 2.7.10, Deno's node:child_process implementation provided an escapeShellArg() helper used when callers passed shell: true to spawn / spawnSync / exec and friends. On Windows, the helper faile…
-
High 8.8
NetComm NF20MESH < R6B032 Authenticated RCE via OS Command Injection
NetComm NF20MESH routers running firmware R6B031 and earlier contain an authenticated remote code execution vulnerability that allows authenticated attackers to execute arbitrary commands as root by injecting shell metacharacters into the username JSON parame…
-
High 8.1
ImageMagick - Command Injection via SVG Decoder
ImageMagick before 7.1.2-15 and 6.9.13-40 contains a command injection vulnerability in the SVG decoder that allows attackers to inject arbitrary MVG drawing commands. Attackers can craft malicious SVG files with injected Magick Vector Graphics commands that …
-
Critical 9.9CVE-2026-56274 Public exploit
Flowise - Remote Code Execution via MCP Security Bypass in validateCommandFlags and validateArgsForLocalFileAccess
Flowise before 3.1.2 contains multiple OS command injection vulnerabilities in the Custom MCP Server feature due to incomplete command-flag validation and a regex bypass in local file access restrictions. An attacker with a Flowise account of any role, or API…
-
High 8.7CVE-2026-11834 Public exploit
Unauthenticated Command Injection via DHCP Option Handling in Multiple TP-Link Routers
A command injection vulnerability has been identified in the DHCP option processing logic in multiple TP-Link router models, due to insufficient validation of externally supplied DHCP option data. An adjacent attacker may exploit this vulnerability by supplyi…
-
Medium 6.3
coollabsio coolify Image Name os command injection
A vulnerability has been found in coollabsio coolify 4.0.0. Impacted is an unknown function of the component Image Name Handler. Such manipulation leads to os command injection. The attack may be performed from remote. The vendor was contacted early about thi…
-
Medium 6.3
Comfast CF-WR631AX V3 API Endpoint mbox-config system os command injection
A flaw has been found in Comfast CF-WR631AX V3 up to 2.7.0.8. This issue affects the function system of the file /cgi-bin/mbox-config?section=ping_config of the component API Endpoint. This manipulation of the argument destination causes os command injection.…
-
High 7.4
gin-vue-admin vulnerable to RCE
gin-vue-admin is an AI-assisted basic development platform. In version 2.9.1, an authenticated attacker with access to the code-generation feature and MCP management interface can exploit this vulnerability by injecting attacker-controlled Go source code thro…
-
High 8.2
PhpWeasyPrint: shell command injection via configurable WeasyPrint binary path due to inverted is_executable() guard (mirror of KnpLabs/snappy GHSA-vpr4-p6fq-85jc)
PhpWeasyPrint is a PHP library allowing PDF generation from a URL or an HTML page. Prior to version 2.5.1, `pontedilana/php-weasyprint` builds the shell command for WeasyPrint by passing the binary path through `escapeshellarg()` first and then checking the *…
-
High 8.6
Authenticated OS Command Injection in Bondix
OS command injection in the environment and tunnel configuration functionality in SIMA GmbH Bondix through version 1.25.7.5 on Linux allows an authenticated attacker with configuration write access to execute arbitrary operating-system commands via crafted co…
-
High 8.6
OS Command Injection in LMS
An OS Command Injection vulnerability exists in LMS (LAN Management System) before commit 9fcb4de due to an IP address parameter being passed to the "exec()" function without proper validation, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary operating system commands.
-
High 7.1
e107: Command Injection via shell expansion in ImageMagick resize destination path
e107 is a content management system (CMS). Versions 2.3.5 and earlier contain a command injection vulnerability in the ImageMagick resize destination path. In resize_image(), the source path is escaped with escapeshellarg(), but the destination path is insert…
-
Critical 9.1
OS Command Injection in the btool Configuration Helper in Splunk AI Toolkit
In Splunk AI Toolkit versions below 5.7.4, a user who holds the "admin" Splunk role could execute arbitrary OS commands on the host running the Splunk Enterprise instance. The vulnerability is possible because of an unsafe shell execution pattern in the btool…
-
Medium 6.0
OpenStack Horizon RC file generation does not escape special characters in project names
OpenStack Horizon before 25.7.4 produces scripts for OpenStack RC file downloading that may have a crafted project name with shell metacharacters. NOTE: some parties consider this a security hardening opportunity to address certain types of user error, not a …
-
Critical 9.6
OpenHuman desktop agent shell tool sandbox bypass leads to arbitrary command execution
The shell tool command allowlist in the SecurityPolicy of OpenHuman desktop agent through 0.54.0 (default Supervised security policy) can be bypassed to execute arbitrary OS commands with the privileges of the desktop user.
-
High 7.2
RadiX AX6600 WiFi 6 Tri-Band Gaming Router contains an OS command injection vulnerability, which may lead to arbitrary …