Weakness (CWE)
CWE-78: OS Command Injection
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command before it is sent to a downstream component.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
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Architecture and Design
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
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Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
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Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Source: MITRE CWE-78
5,318 results · Feed
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High 8.8
HKUDS Vibe-Trading 0.1.0 before 0.1.7 Indirect Prompt Injection RCE via BashTool and BackgroundRunTool
HKUDS Vibe-Trading from 0.1.0 before 0.1.7 contains an indirect prompt injection vulnerability that allows remote attackers to execute shell commands as root by planting instructions in documents or web pages the agent processes. BashTool and BackgroundRunToo…
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High 7.8
virtualenv activate runs commands from the environment name in zsh with PROMPT_SUBST
virtualenv is a tool for creating isolated virtual python environments. Prior to 21.13.0, the bash activate script that zsh also sources leaves the environment name unescaped; from 21.13.0 until 21.14.4, it escapes backslashes, dollar signs, and backticks onl…
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High 7.8
virtualenv activation scripts run code from a path that contains a placeholder name
virtualenv is a tool for creating isolated virtual python environments. From 20.26.6 until 21.14.2, ViaTemplateActivator.instantiate_template() replaces placeholders one key at a time across the complete activation template, so trigger names such as __VIRTUAL…
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High 7.8
virtualenv activate.fish runs commands from a path or prompt with a backslash before a quote
virtualenv is a tool for creating isolated virtual python environments. Prior to 21.14.2, FishActivator inherits ViaTemplateActivator.quote(), which uses POSIX shlex.quote() even though fish interprets backslashes and single quotes differently. An attacker-in…
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Critical 9.1
An os command injection vulnerability exists in the boa formWsc peerRptPin functionality of Totolink X2000R TOTOLINK-X2…
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Critical 9.1
An os command injection vulnerability exists in the boa formWsc targetAPSsid functionality of Totolink X2000R TOTOLINK-…
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Critical 9.1
A OS command injection vulnerability exists in the boa formMapDelDevice macstr functionality of X2000R (version(s): TOT…
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Critical 9.1
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the boa formWizard newPass functionality of X2000R (version(s): TOTOLIN…
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Critical 9.1
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the boa formPasswordSetup functionality of X2000R (version(s): TOTOLINK…
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Critical 9.1
A OS command injection vulnerability exists in the batchupg functionality of X2000R (version(s): TOTOLINK-X2000R-Gh-V1.…
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Critical 9.1
A OS command injection vulnerability exists in the boa formUpload() functionality of X2000R (version(s): TOTOLINK-X2000…
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High 7.8
virtualenv bash activate runs commands from an environment name with a backslash before $
virtualenv is a tool for creating isolated virtual python environments. Prior to 21.14.7, the bash activate script escapes the environment name for only one of the two passes bash makes over PS1, so a backslash in the name undoes the escaping and a name conta…
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High 7.1
virtualenv: Bash prompt values can change meaning under older compatibility modes
virtualenv is a tool for creating isolated virtual python environments. Prior to 21.14.9, caller-supplied prompt text can become executable syntax in the bash activation prompt. An attacker must influence the value passed to virtualenv, and a user must subseq…
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High 7.8
virtualenv: Generated POSIX console launchers interpret destination paths as shell syntax
virtualenv is a tool for creating isolated virtual python environments. Prior to 21.14.9, virtualenv's ScriptMakerCustom and pip pass an incompletely quoted interpreter path to distlib ScriptMaker when generating POSIX console scripts. When the path contains …
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Critical 9.8
Wavlink WL-WN530BE1-A Unauthenticated OS Command Injection in ioos protocol.csp ovpn_file Handler
Wavlink WL-WN530BE1-A firmware through M30BE1_V251117 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the sub_23B54 function of the ioos binary, which passes the unsanitized file_id parameter of /protocol.csp?opt=ovpn_file requests with type=del to popen().…
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Critical 9.9
aaPanel File Manager common.py ExecShell os command injection
A vulnerability has been found in aaPanel up to 8.25.0. The affected element is the function ExecShell of the file class/public/common.py of the component File Manager. The manipulation of the argument sfile/dfile/access/user leads to os command injection. Th…
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Critical 9.3
Apache CouchDB: Admin credentials leading to code execution as operating system user
An unvalidated runtime configuration value in Apache CouchDB 3.5.2 and below on all platforms allows a CouchDB server admin to run arbitrary shell commands as the CouchDB operating system user. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 3.5.3, which fixes th…
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Medium 6.3
launch-editor: escapeCmdArgs() omits % escaping on Windows
launch-editor allows users to open files with line numbers in editor from Node.js. Prior to 2.14.2, launch-editor did not escape % on Windows when passing an argument to cmd. When an environment variable contained a malicious value, it was possible that that …
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Critical 9.9
DrayTek Vigor2960 CGI mainfunction.cgi sub_182B0 os command injection
A flaw has been found in DrayTek Vigor2960 1.5.1.6 Revision 8218. Affected by this issue is the function sub_182B0 of the file /cgi-bin/mainfunction.cgi of the component CGI Interface. This manipulation of the argument usefile/usescript/option causes os comma…
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Medium 5.3
mcollina mcp-ripgrep Advanced Search Tool index.ts os command injection
A security flaw has been discovered in mcollina mcp-ripgrep up to 0.4.0. Affected is an unknown function of the file src/index.ts of the component Advanced Search Tool. The manipulation of the argument fileType results in os command injection. The attack requ…
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Critical 9.9
H3C Magic NX15 usrlist sub_416874 os command injection
A vulnerability was found in H3C Magic NX15 100R017. This issue affects the function sub_416874 of the file /usr/bin/usrlist. Performing a manipulation results in os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has been made p…
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Critical 9.2CVE-2026-112900 Public exploit
Pillow: Argument Injection in Ghostscript call, potentially leading into RCE
Pillow is a Python imaging library. From 2.6.0 until 13.0.0, Pillow is vulnerable to argument injection when invoking Ghostscript for EPS input. EpsImagePlugin.Ghostscript passes a caller-controlled input filename after -f without converting it to a safe abso…
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High 7.3
orbitale imagemagick-php Command.php font os command injection
A security flaw has been discovered in orbitale imagemagick-php up to 3.3.5. Affected by this issue is the function Command::font of the file src/Command.php. The manipulation of the argument fontFile results in os command injection. The attack can be execute…
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Medium 4.7CVE-2026-112195 Public exploit
FusionPBX Dialplan Editor dialplan.php os command injection
A flaw has been found in FusionPBX up to 5.4.4/5.5.7/5.6.5. The affected element is an unknown function of the file app/dialplans/resources/classes/dialplan.php of the component Dialplan Editor. Executing a manipulation can lead to os command injection. The a…
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Medium 5.5
JumpServer Template Rendering os command injection
A security vulnerability has been detected in JumpServer up to 4.10.19. The affected element is an unknown function of the component Template Rendering. The manipulation of the argument IP/HOST leads to os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack …
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High 8.6
PingTools Network Utilities 4.64 - OS command injection through Watcher ICMP host
PingTools Network Utilities 4.64 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the Host field of a Watcher ICMP service. The application appends the attacker-controlled Host value to a ping command, serializes the command as a single string, and executes …
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Critical 9.8
Camunda Expression Injection via orQueries RCE
Camunda 7.24.0 before 7.24.14 and 7.23.0 before 7.23.17 contains an expression injection vulnerability where AdhocQueryValidator.validate() fails to check sub-query expression maps within the orQueries field exposed by TaskQueryDto, allowing authenticated use…
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High 7.8
BentoML through 1.4.39 Dockerfile Instruction Injection via docker.env Keys
BentoML through 1.4.39 contains a Dockerfile instruction injection vulnerability that allows attackers to add arbitrary build instructions by embedding newlines in docker.env mapping keys rendered by the legacy base.j2 template. Attackers can supply a crafted…
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High 7.8
Television 0.15.0 through 0.15.9 OS Command Injection via External Action Formatting
Television (tv) 0.15.0 through 0.15.9 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to run shell commands through improperly escaped single quotes in format_command. Attackers can plant a file with a crafted name containing an apostroph…
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High 7.2
HPE Compute Scale-up Server 3200 and 3250 platforms, Superdome Flex and Superdome Flex 280 servers, Remote Command Execution vulnerability
A security vulnerability in HPE Compute Scale-up Server 3200 and 3250 platforms, Superdome Flex and Superdome Flex 280 servers could be exploited remotely to execute arbitrary commands on the RMC.
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Critical 9.8
GV-ASManager Web Server Command Injection Vulnerability
A vulnerability is in Web Server default connection ports under the process name GeoWebServer.exe .
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Critical 9.1
Remote Code Execution via JDBC User Store Configuration in Multiple WSO2 Products Allows Arbitrary Code Execution
The Management Console fails to properly validate input related to the configuration of JDBC user stores. This weakness allows an attacker to supply specially crafted input that can lead to the execution of arbitrary code on the affected server. Successful ex…
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High 8.8
An issue was discovered on Tektronix 3 Series MDO devices before 1.21.1. An OS command injection vulnerability exists i…
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High 8.8
Apache Kylin: spark job OS command injection
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability in Apache Kylin. Impact most to the kylin services that are directly exposed to public network, which is not common. In-house kylin deployments are mostly…
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Critical 9.2
Claude Agent SDK: Argument Injection via resume Option Allows Arbitrary Command Execution
Claude Agent SDK is a Python SDK for Claude Code. Prior to 0.2.121, the resume option is passed to the Claude CLI as a separate token without validation, so a dash-leading value is parsed as an independent CLI flag. An attacker can inject the --mcp-config fla…
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High 8.8
ZoneMinder: Authenticated RCE via command injection in monitor Device Path
ZoneMinder is a free, open source closed-circuit television software application. Prior to 1.39.2, 1.38.2, and 1.36.40, ZoneMinder interpolates an unvalidated monitor Device field into shell commands in PHP and Perl control paths when an authenticated user wi…
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Critical 9.0
ZoneMinder: Authenticated OS Command Injection via unsanitized Monitor Name in event export (download_functions.php)
ZoneMinder is a free, open source closed-circuit television software application. Prior to 1.38.3, downloadEvents() manually wraps a monitor Name value in single quotes instead of using escapeshellarg() before placing it in shell commands when a user with mon…
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High 8.8CVE-2026-102607 Public exploit
ZoneMinder: Authenticated OS Command Injection (RCE) via Export Feature
ZoneMinder is a free, open source closed-circuit television software application. Prior to 1.38.3, the exportEvents() function concatenates the attacker-controlled exportFile request parameter into a shell command without neutralizing shell metacharacters whe…
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High 7.2
SparkyFitness: Authenticated OS command injection (host RCE) via backup-restore filename in POST /api/admin/backup/restore
SparkyFitness is a self-hosted, AI-powered health and fitness tracker for families. Prior to 1.6.0, the api/admin/backup/restore endpoint interpolates an uploaded filename into a shell command. An authenticated global administrator uploads a restore archive w…
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High 7.8
Wheels CLI 4.0.0 through 4.1.1 insufficiently validates or escapes caller-supplied values and package contents. Deploy …