Weakness (CWE)
CWE-78: OS Command Injection
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command before it is sent to a downstream component.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
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Architecture and Design
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
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Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
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Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Source: MITRE CWE-78
5,318 results · Feed
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High 7.8
Z.ai ZCode v3.11.2.6792 was discovered to automatically establish connections with MCP servers declared inside a reposi…
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High 7.2
Netgate pfSense CE 2.4.5 through 2.9.0 OS Command Injection via system_advanced_admin.php
pfSense CE 2.4.5 through 2.9.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows authenticated WebGUI users with Advanced Admin Access privilege to execute commands as root via Login Protection settings. Attackers can submit sshguard threshold, block…
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Medium 5.0
Netgate pfSense CE 2.5.0 through 2.9.0 OS Command Injection via openvpn.learn-address.sh
Netgate pfSense CE 2.5.0 through 2.9.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in openvpn.learn-address.sh that allows authenticated VPN clients to execute commands as the unbound user. Attackers can embed shell metacharacters in the certificate common…
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High 7.5
Netgate pfSense CE through 2.9.0 OS Command Injection via openvpn.connect_async.sh
pfSense CE through 2.9.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the OpenVPN openvpn.connect_async.sh script that allows authenticated VPN users to execute commands as root via crafted usernames. Attackers authenticated through RADIUS or LDAP can us…
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High 7.2
Netgate pfSense CE 2.7.0 through 2.9.0 OS Command Injection via Traffic Shaper Limiters
Netgate pfSense CE 2.7.0 through 2.9.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows authenticated users with Traffic Shaper Limiters privileges to execute root commands by tampering with the limiter number field. Attackers can submit a malicious…
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High 7.2
Netgate pfSense CE through 2.9.0 OS Command Injection via CARP VHID
Netgate pfSense CE through 2.9.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows authenticated users with Virtual IP edit privileges to execute commands as root by storing an unvalidated CARP VHID. Attackers can supply a VHID containing shell metac…
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High 7.2
Netgate pfSense CE through 2.9.0 OS Command Injection via Gateway Monitor IP
Netgate pfSense CE through 2.9.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows authenticated users with gateway edit privileges to execute commands as root by injecting shell metacharacters into an IPv6 link-local zone index. Attackers can set a …
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High 7.2
Netgate pfSense CE through 2.9.0 OS Command Injection via Wireless Parent Interface
Netgate pfSense CE through 2.9.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows authenticated users to execute commands as root by supplying a crafted wireless parent interface name. Attackers with limited Wireless Edit or Interface Assignments pr…
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High 7.2CVE-2026-111214 EPSS 11%
Netgate pfSense CE 2.7.0 through 2.9.0 OS Command Injection via interfaces_qinq_edit.php
Netgate pfSense CE 2.7.0 through 2.9.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows authenticated users with QinQ edit privilege to run commands by storing an unvalidated parent interface name. Attackers can save a crafted 'if' value, then edit …
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Low 3.3
CUPS ipp backend status-line injection can update queue PPD and lead to conditional RCE as lp via foomatic-rip
OpenPrinting CUPS is an open source printing system for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. Prior to 2.4.20, the backend/ipp.c quote_string() function preserves carriage-return and line-feed characters in a remote printer-controlled marker-message be…
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High 8.3
Unitronics - CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability in Unitronics Unitronics UniStream Pro/UniLogic. This issue affects Unitronics UniStream Pro/UniLogic: Unitronics UniStream Pro versions only (B10 / C10…
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Critical 9.9CVE-2026-57155 Public exploit
OPNsense: Root RCE via Arbitrary File Write in GeoIP Alias Importer
OPNsense is a FreeBSD based firewall and routing platform. Prior to version 26.1.11, the Firewall Alias GeoIP importer's process_zip() and process_gzip() paths in src/opnsense/scripts/filter/lib/alias/geoip.py use an unvalidated CSV country_code value to cons…
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Critical 10.0
Wavlink WL-WN530BE2-A Login Processing api.cgi sub_12580 os command injection
A vulnerability has been found in Wavlink WL-WN530BE2-A up to M30BE2_V250604. The affected element is the function sub_12580 of the file api.cgi of the component Login Processing. The manipulation of the argument REMOTE_ADDR leads to os command injection. It …
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Critical 9.3
Pre-Authentication Command Injection
An OS command injection vulnerability has been reported to affect HybridDesk Station. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands. We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version: HybridDesk Stat…
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Medium 6.9
**RCE** Unsanitized `X-Forwarded-For` header passed to `shell_exec()` via broken IP validation fallback in `getClientIP()`
An OS command injection vulnerability has been reported to affect Notes Station 3. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands. We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version: Notes Station 3 3.…
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High 8.6
WebSocket timelapse path traversal and command injection
A relative path traversal vulnerability has been reported to affect QuMagie. If a remote attacker gains an administrator account, they can then exploit the vulnerability to read the contents of unexpected files or system data. We have already fixed the vulner…
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High 8.8
Netgate pfSense FRR package (pfSense-pkg-frr) 2.0.2_1 and source revision 2.1.2_1 contain an OS command injection vulne…
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High 8.1
GitPython 3.1.30 before 3.2.0 Command Injection via Remote.pull() Refspec
GitPython from 3.1.30 before 3.2.0 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in Remote.pull() whose unsafe-option guard inspects only keyword arguments, not the positional refspec. Attackers controlling the refspec can supply --upload-pack=<command> to e…
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Medium 6.1
Cortex XSOAR: OS Command Injection Vulnerability
A command injection vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks Cortex XSOAR and Cortex XSIAM OS Query content pack enables an authenticated administrator to execute arbitrary OS commands on remote endpoints.
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Medium 5.7
PAN-OS: Authenticated Admin Command Injection Vulnerability
A command injection vulnerability in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS® software enables an authenticated administrator to bypass system restrictions and run arbitrary commands as a root user. To be able to exploit this issue, the user must have access to the PAN-OS …
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High 7.2
Post-authentication Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerab…
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Medium 6.5
WeGIA: Pre-auth Installer Injection Chain Enables Command Execution and Arbitrary PHP Code Injection
WeGIA is a web manager for charitable institutions. Prior to 3.8.6, the pre-installation web/instalador/instalador.php endpoint is reachable before config.php exists and processes unauthenticated installation POST data. In the Linux reinstall flow, a crafted …
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High 8.8
Markdown Preview Enhanced: One Click RCE via Markdown Link Command Injection on Windows
Markdown Preview Enhanced is a Markdown preview extension for Visual Studio Code. Prior to 0.8.28, Markdown Preview Enhanced preview-link handling passes a decoded, Markdown-controlled link target to a Windows file-opening helper that invokes child_process.ex…
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Critical 10.0
D-Link DIR-868L HNAP CGI cgibin system os command injection
A vulnerability was determined in D-Link DIR-868L 2.01b05. This impacts the function system of the file /htdocs/cgibin of the component HNAP CGI Handler. Executing a manipulation of the argument SOAPACTION can lead to os command injection. The attack may be l…
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High 8.4
Flyto2 Core: Unauthenticated Command Execution via HTTP MCP `execute_module`
Flyto2 Core is an execution kernel for automation and AI-agent workflows. From 2.26.2 until 2.26.4, the HTTP MCP POST /mcp route accepts unauthenticated JSON-RPC tools/call requests and forwards execute_module arguments to the module registry without the requ…
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High 8.8
Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved: EX Series, SRX Series, QFX Series: A rogue DHCP server causes root-level command execution when the phone-home client processes specific information
An Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability in the phone-home daemon (phcd) of Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved on EX Series, SRX Series, and QFX Series allows an adjacent unauthent…
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Critical 9.8
Junos OS Evolved: A low-privileged TACACS+ user causes root command execution when authorization refresh is enabled
An OS Command Injection vulnerability in TACACS of Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved allows a low-privileged TACACS+-authenticated user to execute commands with root privileges when periodic TACACS+ authorization-refresh is enabled.
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High 7.8
Junos OS: MX Series: Missing Authorization for specific 'request' CLI commands allows command injection
An OS command injection vulnerability in the CLI of Juniper Networks Junos OS allows a local, low privileged attacker to take complete control of the device. A specific 'request csds' command doesn't sanitize user provided input so that it can be interpreted …
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High 8.8
Junos OS Evolved: PTX Series: An attacker controlled DHCP response causes root-level compromise when zero-touch provisioning is used
An OS Command Injection vulnerability in the bootzd zero-touch provisioning daemon of Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved allows an unauthenticated attacker on the management LAN to execute commands as root via crafted DHCP response.
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High 8.8
Junos OS Evolved: PTX Series: An attacker controlled gRPC response causes root-level compromise when zero-touch provisioning is used
An OS Command Injection vulnerability in the bootzd zero-touch provisioning daemon of Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved on PTX Series allows an unauthenticated attacker on the management LAN to execute commands as root via a crafted gRPC response.
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High 7.8
mise permits untrusted local configuration to override default shell arguments
mise manages dev tools like node, python, cmake, and terraform. Prior to 2026.7.14, in the default non-safe mode, mise loads .mise.toml [settings] from an untrusted local project before trust approval and strip_local_only_settings removes only fields marked g…
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Critical 9.8
Thumbnail through 1.5 OS Command Injection via generate_thumbnail File Paths
The thumbnail Python package through 1.5 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in generate_thumbnail() that allows attackers to execute commands by supplying shell metacharacters in file paths. Attackers who control a file name passed to generate_thu…
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High 7.8
@offactory/compress-fonts before 1.1.1 OS Command Injection via Font File Names
@offactory/compress-fonts before 1.1.1 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute shell commands by supplying font files with crafted names. Font paths are interpolated unquoted into a FontForge command run through child_p…
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Critical 9.8
Stills before 25.24.2 OS Command Injection via Media File Names
Stills before 25.24.2 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute shell commands by supplying crafted media file paths. Attackers can name a media file with $(...) or backticks to execute operating system commands with Node…
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High 8.1
Beganovich snappdf 1.1.0 before 6.1.0 OS Command Injection on Windows via setUrl()
Beganovich snappdf from 1.1.0 before 6.1.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability on Windows that allows attackers to run commands by influencing the rendered URL. Attackers can supply cmd.exe metacharacters such as & in the setUrl() value, which exec…
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High 7.8
Turnpress through 0.4.2 OS Command Injection via Crafted .docx File Names
Turnpress through 0.4.2 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute shell commands by supplying .docx files with crafted names. The convertDocxToHtml function in src/converter.ts invokes pandoc through execa with shell:true…
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Critical 9.8
Video-stitch before 2.0.0-beta.1 OS Command Injection via concat() and cut()
Video-stitch before 2.0.0-beta.1 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute commands by supplying file names interpolated unquoted into shell-executed ffmpeg command lines. Attackers who influence file names passed to conc…
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Critical 9.8
nodejs-whisper through 0.3.1 OS Command Injection via convertToWavType
nodejs-whisper through 0.3.1 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in convertToWavType() that allows attackers to execute commands by supplying crafted audio file paths. Attackers can provide file names containing $() command substitution or closing …
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Critical 9.8
transcribe2texts through 1.0.6 OS Command Injection via transcribeAudio audioPath
transcribe2texts through 1.0.6 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute commands by supplying crafted audioPath values to transcribeAudio(). Attackers can inject $() or backtick substitution or a closing quote into the u…
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High 7.8
xhtml2pdf before 0.2.19 OS Command Injection via startViewer File Name
xhtml2pdf before 0.2.19 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in pisa.startViewer() that allows attackers to execute commands by interpolating unescaped file names into os.system. Attackers can supply an input file whose name contains a double quote …