Weakness (CWE)
CWE-119: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary.
How to prevent it (7 mitigations)
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Requirements
Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
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Operation, Build and Compilation
Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
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Implementation
Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that the buffer is as large as specified.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
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Operation, Build and Compilation
Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
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Operation
Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
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Implementation
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
Source: MITRE CWE-119
3,687 results · Feed
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Medium 6.2
In deserialize of legacy.rs, there is a possible denial of service due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to lo…
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Medium 4.0
In isValid of ShimConverter.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead …
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High 8.4
In multiple locations, there is a possible out-of-bounds write due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local …
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High 7.5
In multiple functions of ipphelper.c, there is a possible stack bugger overflow due to a missing bounds check. This cou…
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High 8.4
In __pkvm_load_tracing of trace.c, there is a possible out-of-bounds write due to an incorrect bounds check. This could…
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High 7.3
VStarcam O-KAM SuperIPCam P2P Session Teardown SuperIPCam.exe FUN_005a2d44 use after free
A vulnerability was determined in VStarcam O-KAM SuperIPCam 1.3.3.32. Affected by this issue is the function FUN_005a2d44 of the file SuperIPCam.exe of the component P2P Session Teardown. This manipulation causes use after free. The attack can be initiated re…
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High 7.3
VStarcam O-KAM Client DevDll_925.dll FUN_10003EA0 stack-based overflow
A vulnerability was found in VStarcam O-KAM Client 1.3.3.32. Affected by this vulnerability is the function FUN_10003EA0 in the library DevDll_925.dll. The manipulation results in stack-based buffer overflow. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The …
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Critical 10.0
Linksys E8450 portal.cgi strcpy stack-based overflow
A vulnerability was identified in Linksys E8450 1.2.00.360516. Affected is the function strcpy of the file /www/cgi-bin/portal.cgi. Such manipulation of the argument hidden_timezone leads to stack-based buffer overflow. The attack can be executed remotely. Th…
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Critical 10.0
WAVLINK WN536AX6-A OpenVPN protocol.csp strcpy stack-based overflow
A vulnerability was found in WAVLINK WN536AX6-A V260507. This affects the function strcpy of the file /protocol.csp of the component OpenVPN Handler. The manipulation of the argument openvpn_ip results in stack-based buffer overflow. The attack may be launche…
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High 7.5
Ruijie RG-ES205GC Local Firmware Upgrade httpupg.cgi buffer overflow
A vulnerability was identified in Ruijie RG-ES205GC, RG-ES206GC-P, RG-ES208GC, RG-ES210GC-LP and RG-ES210GS-P ESW_1.0(1)B1P48. Impacted is an unknown function of the file httpupg.cgi of the component Local Firmware Upgrade Interface. The manipulation leads to…
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High 8.8CVE-2026-120232 Public exploit
Horizon DataSys Reboot Restore Standard Kernel Driver shield.sys sub_23908 memory corruption
A vulnerability was identified in Horizon DataSys Reboot Restore Standard up to 13.2. The impacted element is the function sub_23908 in the library shield.sys of the component Kernel Driver. Such manipulation leads to memory corruption. The attack can only be…
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Low 3.3
Hangzhou Xiongmai Technology P2PAPI.dll P2P SDK P2PAPI_Connect buffer overflow
A security vulnerability has been detected in Hangzhou Xiongmai Technology P2PAPI.dll 1.3.3.32 on Windows. Affected by this issue is the function P2PAPI_Connect of the component P2P SDK. Such manipulation of the argument input as part of String leads to buffe…
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Critical 10.0
D-Link DIR-505 TFTP Upload Filename tftpd mp_upload_file stack-based overflow
A vulnerability was identified in D-Link DIR-505 1.10B02. Affected is the function save_upload_file/mp_upload_file of the file /usr/bin/tftpd of the component TFTP Upload Filename Handler. The manipulation leads to stack-based buffer overflow. The attack is p…
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High 8.1
Incorrect boundary conditions in the CSS Transitions and Animations component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the CSS Transitions and Animations component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.1
Incorrect boundary conditions in the WebRTC component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the WebRTC component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.8
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Text and Fonts component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Text and Fonts component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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Critical 9.6
Sandbox escape due to incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics: WebRender component
Sandbox escape due to incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics: WebRender component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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Critical 9.6
Sandbox escape due to incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics: CanvasWebGL component
Sandbox escape due to incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics: CanvasWebGL component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.8
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Scrolling and Overflow component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Scrolling and Overflow component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.8
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics: WebRender component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics: WebRender component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.1
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.1
Incorrect boundary conditions in the DOM: Service Workers component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the DOM: Service Workers component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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Critical 9.6
Sandbox escape due to incorrect boundary conditions in the Storage: Quota Manager component
Sandbox escape due to incorrect boundary conditions in the Storage: Quota Manager component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.1
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Text and Fonts component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Text and Fonts component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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Critical 9.8
Incorrect boundary conditions in the JavaScript Engine component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the JavaScript Engine component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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Critical 9.8
Incorrect boundary conditions in the XML component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the XML component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 7.3
Incorrect boundary conditions in the JavaScript Engine: JIT component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the JavaScript Engine: JIT component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.1
Incorrect boundary conditions in the SVG component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the SVG component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 7.3
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Block and Inline component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Block and Inline component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 7.3
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Tables component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Tables component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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Medium 5.4
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Security: PSM component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Security: PSM component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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Medium 5.4
Incorrect boundary conditions in the WebRTC: Signaling component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the WebRTC: Signaling component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 7.3
Incorrect boundary conditions in the JavaScript Engine component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the JavaScript Engine component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.1
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics: Text component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Graphics: Text component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 7.3
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Tables component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Layout: Tables component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 8.1
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Audio/Video: Playback component
Incorrect boundary conditions in the Audio/Video: Playback component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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Critical 9.8
Privilege escalation due to incorrect boundary conditions in the Networking component
Privilege escalation due to incorrect boundary conditions in the Networking component. This vulnerability was fixed in Firefox 159, Firefox ESR 115.44, Firefox ESR 153.6, Thunderbird 159, and Thunderbird 153.6.
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High 7.3
Tencent RapidJSON Regex stream.h Take out-of-bounds
A security vulnerability has been detected in Tencent RapidJSON up to 1.1.0. This issue affects the function GenericStringStream<UTF8<char>>::Take in the library include/rapidjson/stream.h of the component Regex Parser. The manipulation leads to out-of-bounds…
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Critical 10.0
TOTOLINK A950RG Device-Information CGI infostat.cgi sub_402340 stack-based overflow
A security flaw has been discovered in TOTOLINK A950RG 4.1.2cu.5268_B20221104. Affected by this issue is the function sub_402340 of the file infostat.cgi of the component Device-Information CGI. Performing a manipulation of the argument CONTENT_LENGTH results…
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Medium 5.5
The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 26.7.2 and iPadOS 26.7.2, iOS 27.2 an…