Weakness (CWE)
CWE-78: OS Command Injection
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command before it is sent to a downstream component.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
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Architecture and Design
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
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Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
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Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Source: MITRE CWE-78
2,705 results · Clear filters · Feed
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High 8.1
AVideo incomplete fix for CVE-2026-33482: sanitizeFFmpegCommand still allows a single '&' (background operator), giving OS command execution at the same execAsync sh -c sink
WWBN AVideo is an open source video platform. Versions 29.0 and below remain vulnerable to OS command injection because the fix for CVE-2026-33482 was incomplete and still does not neutralize a single & ( the shell background operator). CVE-2026-33482 reporte…
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High 8.8
The Lenovo XClarity Integrator for Windows Admin Center plugin version 5.1.1 and below running on the WAC Gateway is vu…
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High 8.1
AVideo through 29.0 OS Command Injection via ffmpeg.json.php
AVideo through 29.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the ffmpeg.json.php endpoint where notifyCode and callback parameters are concatenated into a shell command without escaping. Attackers who can craft a valid encrypted payload can inject ar…
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High 8.1
AVideo through 29.0 OS Command Injection via listFFmpegProcesses
AVideo through 29.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in plugin/API/standAlone/functions.php where the listFFmpegProcesses() function interpolates unsanitized keyword parameters inside single quotes without escaping. Attackers who can craft a val…
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High 8.8
MaaAssistantArknights: PR-title expression injection in release-preparation.yml
MaaAssistantArknights is a one-click tool for daily Arknights tasks. In the current dev-v2 workflow, .github/workflows/release-preparation.yml inlined attacker-controlled github.event.pull_request.title into a run: shell command during the pull_request opened…
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High 8.8
9Router: Authenticated RCE via Unvalidated MCP Plugin Arguments
9Router is an AI router & token saver. Prior to 0.5.2, 9Router allows a remote authenticated attacker to achieve arbitrary code execution on the host operating system by combining a Host header bypass of localhost-only routes with unvalidated MCP plugin args …
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High 7.8
OS command injection in jsii-diff in AWS jsii
OS command injection in the npm package loading component in AWS jsii-diff before 1.131.0 might allow context-dependent attackers to execute arbitrary commands via crafted package specifiers passed to the npm: source argument. To mitigate this issue, users sh…
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High 7.8
Tabby: Drag-and-drop path injection still allows RCE via shell command substitution (incomplete fix for CVE-2026-45038)
Tabby (formerly Terminus) is a highly configurable terminal emulator. Prior to 1.0.234, Tabby inserts dropped file paths from tabby-electron/src/pathDrop.ts into the active shell without neutralizing command substitution metacharacters such as $(…) and `…`, s…
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High 8.1
PraisonAI before 1.6.78 Remote Code Execution via SkillTools
PraisonAI before 1.6.78 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in SkillTools.run_skill_script() that executes scripts without path containment validation. Attackers can supply absolute file paths to execute arbitrary scripts from any filesystem locati…
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High 7.3
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 Remote Code Execution via Broken AST Sandbox
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in JobWorkflowExecutor._exec_inline_python() due to insufficient AST validation of workflow script steps. Attackers can create malicious YAML workflow files with import os statements follo…
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High 8.2
Animate | Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') (CWE-78)
Animate is affected by an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user inter…
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High 7.7
Animate | Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') (CWE-78)
Animate is affected by an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability that could result in arbitrary code execution in the context of the current user. Exploitation of this issue requires user inter…
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High 8.5
OS Command Injection in TR-069 (CWMP) Management Interface in TP-Link Archer VX1800v
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in Archer VX800v v1 due to insufficient input sanitization of the domain name parameter. An adjacent attacker who can access the relevant HTTP interface can modify the parameter to inject shell metacharacters, resu…
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High 8.6
OS Command Injection in TR-069 (CWMP) Management Interface in TP-Link Archer VX1800v
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the TR-069 / CWMP management interface of Archer VX1800v v1 due to insufficient input validation and sanitization of parameters, allowing crafted input to be executed as system-level commands. Exploitation requi…
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High 8.8
Apache Kylin: OS Command Injection via Async Query API
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') vulnerability in Apache Kylin. A backend API may bring job config parameters to OS command line. This issue affects Apache Kylin: from 4 through 5.0.3. Users are recomm…
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High 8.6
Comnand injection in OCPP ReserveLogin message
The OCPP DataTransfer message `ReserveLogin` is vulnerable to command injection. By manipulating the data value, arbitrary OS commands can be executed as root.
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High 8.8
HestiaCP < 1.9.5 Authenticated OS Command Injection via DNS Record Management
HestiaCP before 1.9.5 contains an authenticated OS command injection vulnerability that allows low-privilege authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands as root by injecting a single-quote character into unvalidated DNS record types. Attackers can explo…
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High 8.8
MaxKB MCP tool import validation bypass allows post-authentication remote code execution
MaxKB is an open-source AI assistant for enterprise. Prior to 2.10.0-lts, MaxKB tool import functionality in apps/tools/serializers/tool.py and MCP referencing mode in apps/application/chat_pipeline/step/chat_step/impl/base_chat_step.py do not consistently va…
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High 8.8
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 Allowlist Bypass via find -exec
PraisonAI versions before 4.6.78 contain an allowlist bypass vulnerability in shell command execution that allows attackers to execute restricted commands via find's built-in -exec, -execdir, and -delete actions. Attackers can craft find commands with these b…
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High 8.7
OS Command Injection in R-SOFT DMS
R-SOFT DMS is vulnerable to OS Command Injection in konwertujAction() function. The document converter executes shell commands using unsanitized file paths and format parameters. This allows an authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary system commands with …
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High 7.5
Discourse: Remote code execution via pdf uploads
Discourse is an open-source discussion platform. Prior to 2026.6.0, 2026.5.1, 2026.4.2, and 2026.1.5, under certain non-default configurations, processing of PDF uploads could be exploited to obtain RCE on the server. This issue is patched in 2026.6.0, 2026.5…
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High 8.8CVE-2026-59734 Public exploit
Coolify: OS Command Injection in Health Check Configuration Allows Remote Code Execution
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.469, Coolify's app/Jobs/ApplicationDeploymentJob.php generate_healthcheck_commands() function directly interpolated the health_check_host, …
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High 7.2
Hoppscotch: Admin RCE via MAILER_SMTP_URL nodemailer sendmail-transport injection
Hoppscotch is an open source API development ecosystem. Prior to 2026.6.0, the updateInfraConfigs GraphQL mutation in admin/infra.resolver.ts accepts an attacker-controlled MAILER_SMTP_URL value, and validateSMTPUrl in utils.ts permits path, query, or fragmen…
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High 7.8
gpsd gpsprof Command Injection via gnuplot plot title subtype field
gpsd through release-3.27.5, fixed at commit 4c06658, contains a command injection vulnerability in gpsprof that allows attackers who control the GPS device subtype value to execute arbitrary shell commands by embedding backtick payloads in the gnuplot plot t…
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High 8.5
@cyclonedx/cyclonedx-npm: Shell Injection via Unsanitized `--workspace` Argument
@cyclonedx/cyclonedx-npm creates CycloneDX Software Bill of Materials from npm projects. From 2.1.0 before 5.0.0, the CLI passes user-supplied --workspace values to a subshell without proper sanitization when npm_execpath is unset or empty, allowing arbitrary…
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High 8.8
Horde VFS < 3.0.1 OS Command Injection via Horde_Vfs_Smb Driver
Horde Virtual File System (VFS) API before 3.0.1 contains an OS command injection vulnerability in the Horde_Vfs_Smb driver where the _escapeShellCommand() method fails to sanitize command substitution sequences, allowing authenticated attackers to inject arb…
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High 7.2
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the start_bonjour() function of the "rc" binary in Cisco RV130/RV130W w…
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High 7.2
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the save_syslog_to_file() function of the "httpd" binary in Cisco RV130…
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High 7.2
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the start_lltd() function of the "rc" binary in Cisco RV130/RV130W with…
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High 7.2
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the sub_34984() function of the "rc" binary in Cisco RV130/RV130W with …
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High 8.3
Coder vulnerable to SSH config injection via unsanitized server-supplied values in `coder config-ssh`
Coder allows organizations to provision remote development environments via Terraform. Prior to versions 2.29.7, 2.32.7, 2.33.8, and 2.34.2, `coder config-ssh` wrote server-supplied SSH settings (`HostnameSuffix`, `SSHConfigOptions`) into the user's `~/.ssh/c…
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High 8.1
Coder vulnerable to workspace auto-creation via crafted URL parameters without user consent
Coder allows organizations to provision remote development environments via Terraform. Prior to versions 2.29.7 and 2.30.2, the `dotfiles` registry module passed unsanitized user input to shell commands, allowing arbitrary code execution inside a provisioned …
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High 7.2
Dell PowerProtect Data Domain, versions 7.7.1.0 through 8.7, LTS2026 release version 8.6.1.0 through 8.6.1.10, LTS2025 …
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High 8.8
Coolify: Command injection via single-quote breakout in Docker Compose custom commands
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.469, the executeInDocker() helper wraps user-controlled commands in single quotes without escaping embedded single quotes. Attackers who ca…
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High 8.8
Coolify: Authenticated Remote Code Execution via Command Injection in Database Import Container Name
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.471, the database import Livewire component (app/Livewire/Project/Database/Import.php) allows client-controlled container and server proper…
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High 8.8
Coolify: OS Command Injection via Persistent Volume Names - Root RCE on Managed Servers
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.471, user-controlled persistent volume names are interpolated into shell commands executed on managed servers without escaping or validatio…
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High 8.8
Coolify: Command Injection via Newline in Pre/Post Deployment Commands (Heredoc Transport)
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.471, pre-deployment and post-deployment commands are single-quote escaped but then sent through SSH heredoc transport that preserves newlin…
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High 8.8
Coolify: Host RCE via Sentinel token injection
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.466, the sentinel_token setting is used in shell commands without sufficient validation, allowing an authenticated user with access to serv…
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High 8.8
Coolify: Command injection via unsanitized persistent storage name in docker volume commands
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.471, the LocalPersistentVolume.name field is interpolated directly into docker volume shell commands without shell argument escaping, allow…
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High 8.8
Coolify: OS Command Injection via Unmanaged Container Operations - Remote Code Execution
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Prior to 4.0.0-beta.471, the Livewire component Server\Resources exposes public methods (startUnmanaged, stopUnmanaged, restartUnmanaged) that accept a contain…