Weakness (CWE)
CWE-78: OS Command Injection
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command before it is sent to a downstream component.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
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Architecture and Design
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
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Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
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Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Source: MITRE CWE-78
5,327 results · Feed
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Critical 9.1
Dell CloudLink, versions 8.0 through 8.1.2, contain vulnerability on restricted shell. A Privileged user with known pas…
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High 8.0
Foreman: os command injection via ct_location and fcct_location parameters
A flaw was found in Red Hat Satellite (Foreman component). This vulnerability allows an authenticated user with edit_settings permissions to achieve arbitrary command execution on the underlying operating system via insufficient server-side validation of comm…
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Critical 9.8
PocketVJ CP PocketVJ-CP-v3 pvj version 3.9.1 contains an unauthenticated remote code execution vulnerability in the sub…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2025-61304 Public exploit
OS command injection vulnerability in Dynatrace ActiveGate ping extension up to 1.016 via crafted ip address.
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High 8.8
Cursor CLI Beta: Command Injection via Untrusted MCP Configuration
Cursor is a code editor built for programming with AI. In versions and below, a vulnerability in the Cursor CLI Beta allowed an attacker to achieve remote code execution through the MCP (Model Context Protocol) server mechanism by uploading a malicious MCP co…
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High 8.8
Cursor: Speedbump Modal Bypass in MCP Server Deep-Link
Cursor is a code editor built for programming with AI. In versions 1.7.28 and below, an input validation flaw in Cursor's MCP server installation enables specially crafted deep-links to bypass the standard security warnings and conceal executed commands from …
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Critical 9.8
Command injection in React Native Community CLI allows remote attackers to perform remote code execution by sending HTTP requests
The Metro Development Server, which is opened by the React Native Community CLI, binds to external interfaces by default. The server exposes an endpoint that is vulnerable to OS command injection. This allows unauthenticated network attackers to send a POST r…
KEV Feb 5, 2026 -
High 7.2
FutureNet MA and IP-K series provided by Century Systems Co., Ltd. contain an OS command Injection vulnerability. A use…
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Critical 9.4
Nagios XI < 2024R1.3.2 RCE via WinRM Configuration Wizard
Nagios XI versions prior to 2024R1.3.2 contain a remote command execution vulnerability in the WinRM Configuration Wizard. Insufficient validation of user-supplied input allows an authenticated administrator to inject shell metacharacters that are incorporate…
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Critical 9.4
Nagios XI < 2026R1 RCE via Run Check Command in CCM
Nagios XI versions prior to 2026R1 contain a remote code execution vulnerability in the Core Config Manager (CCM) Run Check command. Insufficient validation/escaping of parameters used to build backend command lines allows an authenticated administrator to in…
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Critical 9.4
Nagios XI < 2024R1.2 RCE via NRDP Server Plugins
Nagios XI versions prior to 2024R1.2 are vulnerable to remote code execution (RCE) through its NRDP (Nagios Remote Data Processor) server plugins. Insufficient validation of inbound NRDP request parameters allows crafted input to reach command execution paths…
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Critical 9.4
Nagios XI < 2024R1.4.2 RCE via Business Process Intelligence (BPI)
Nagios XI versions prior to 2024R1.4.2 contain a remote code execution vulnerability in the Business Process Intelligence (BPI) component. Insufficient validation and sanitization of administrator-controlled BPI configuration parameters (notably bpi_logfile a…
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High 8.7
Nagios XI < 5.4.13 Component Download Page RCE
Nagios XI versions prior to 5.4.13 contain a remote code execution vulnerability in the Component Download page. The download/import handler used unsafe command construction with attacker-controlled input and lacked sufficient validation and output encoding, …
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Critical 9.4
Nagios XI < 2024R1.2 Command Injection via Docker Wizard
Nagios XI versions prior to 2024R1.2 contain a command injection vulnerability in the Docker Wizard. Insufficient validation of user-supplied input in the wizard allows an authenticated administrator to inject shell metacharacters that are incorporated into b…
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High 8.7
Nagios XI < 5.7.3 Command Injection in Report PDF Download
Nagios XI versions prior to 5.7.3 contain a command injection vulnerability in the report PDF download/export functionality. User-supplied values used in the PDF generation pipeline or the wrapper that invokes offline/pdf helper utilities were insufficiently …
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High 8.7
Nagios XI < 2012R1.6 Auto-Discovery Shell Command Injection
Nagios XI versions prior to 2012R1.6 contain a shell command injection vulnerability in the Auto-Discovery tool. User-controlled input is passed to a shell without adequate sanitation or argument quoting, allowing an authenticated user with access to discover…
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Critical 9.4
Nagios XI < 5.6.14 Authenticated RCE command_test.php via address
Nagios XI versions prior to 5.6.14 contain an authenticated remote command execution vulnerability in the CCM command_test.php script. Insufficient validation of the `address` parameter allows an authenticated user with access to the Core Config Manager to in…
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Critical 9.4
Nagios XI < 2024R2 Authenticated Command Injection via WinRM Plugin
Nagios XI versions prior to 2024R2 contain a command injection vulnerability in the WinRM plugin. Insufficient validation of user-supplied parameters allows an authenticated administrator to inject shell metacharacters that are incorporated into backend comma…
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High 8.6
Nagios Network Analyzer < 2024R2.0.1 RCE in LDAP Certificate Removal Function
Nagios Network Analyzer versions prior to 2024R2.0.1 contain a vulnerability in the LDAP certificate management functionality whereby the certificate removal operation fails to apply adequate input sanitation. An authenticated administrator can trigger comman…
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High 7.8
Dell Unity, version(s) 5.5 and prior, contain(s) an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (…
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High 7.8
Dell Unity, version(s) 5.5 and prior, contain(s) an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (…
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High 7.8
Dell Unity, version(s) 5.5 and prior, contain(s) an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (…
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High 7.8
Dell Unity, version(s) 5.4 and prior, contain(s) an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (…
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High 7.8
Dell Unity, version(s) 5.5 and Prior, contain(s) an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (…
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High 7.2
Dell Unity, version(s) 5.5 and Prior, contain(s) an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command (…
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Medium 4.6
Apache Airflow: Command injection in "example_dag_decorator"
An example dag `example_dag_decorator` had non-validated parameter that allowed the UI user to redirect the example to a malicious server and execute code on worker. This however required that the example dags are enabled in production (not default) or the ex…
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Critical 9.9
NeuVector Enforcer is vulnerable to Command Injection and Buffer overflow
A vulnerability was identified in NeuVector, where the enforcer used environment variables CLUSTER_RPC_PORT and CLUSTER_LAN_PORT to generate a command to be executed via popen, without first sanitising their values. The entry process of the enforcer container…
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Critical 9.8
win-cli-mcp-server resolveCommandPath Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
win-cli-mcp-server resolveCommandPath Command Injection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of win-cli-mcp-server. Authentication is not required to exploit this v…
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Critical 9.3
D-Link DNS-343 ShareCenter <= 1.05 Command Injection via /goform/Mail_Test
D-Link DNS-343 ShareCenter devices running firmware versions up to and including 1.05 contain a command injection vulnerability in the Mail Test functionality. The web maintenance script posts to the internal goForm endpoint '/goform/Mail_Test' and uses sever…
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High 8.8
Jenkins Azure CLI Plugin does not restrict the commands it executes
Jenkins Azure CLI Plugin 0.9 and earlier does not restrict which commands it executes on the Jenkins controller, allowing attackers with Item/Configure permission to execute arbitrary shell commands.
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Medium 5.4
FastMCP vulnerable to windows command injection in FastMCP Cursor installer via server_name
FastMCP is the standard framework for building MCP applications. Versions prior to 2.13.0, a command-injection vulnerability lets any attacker who can influence the server_name field of an MCP execute arbitrary OS commands on Windows hosts that run fastmcp in…
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High 8.7CVE-2025-34311 EPSS 13%
IPFire < v2.29 Command Injection via Proxy Report Creation
IPFire versions prior to 2.29 (Core Update 198) contain a command injection vulnerability that allows an authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary commands as the user 'nobody' via multiple parameters when creating a Proxy report. When a user creates a Prox…
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High 8.7
IPFire < v2.29 Command Injection via URL Filter Blacklist
IPFire versions prior to 2.29 (Core Update 198) contain a command injection vulnerability that allows an authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary commands as the 'nobody' user via the BE_NAME parameter when installing a blacklist. When a blacklist is insta…
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High 7.5
The “Diagnostics Tools” page of the web-based configuration utility does not properly validate user-controlled input, a…
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High 8.7
Command injection vulnerability exists in the “Logging” page of the web-based configuration utility. An authenticated u…
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Medium 4.7
D-Link DAP-2695 Firmware Update sub_4174B0 os command injection
A security vulnerability has been detected in D-Link DAP-2695 2.00RC13. The impacted element is the function sub_4174B0 of the component Firmware Update Handler. The manipulation leads to os command injection. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit…
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High 8.8
OpenVPN 2.7_alpha1 through 2.7_beta1 on POSIX based platforms allows a remote authenticated server to inject shell comm…
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Critical 9.8
Antabot White-Jotter up to commit 9bcadc was discovered to contain an unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) vulne…
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High 7.2CVE-2025-6978 EPSS 14%
Diagnostics command injection vulnerability
Diagnostics command injection vulnerability
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High 7.2
Kottster app reinitialization can be re-triggered allowing command injection in development mode
Kottster is a self hosted Node.js admin panel. From versions 3.2.0 to before 3.3.2, Kottster contains a pre-authentication remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability when running in development mode. This affects development mode only, production deployments w…