Weakness (CWE)
CWE-78: OS Command Injection
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command before it is sent to a downstream component.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
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Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
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Architecture and Design
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
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Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
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Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
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Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
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Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
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Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Source: MITRE CWE-78
5,328 results · Feed
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Medium 6.8
OS Command Injection via USB Config Load
A physical attacker with no privileges can gain full control of the affected device due to improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') when loading a config file from a USB drive.
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Critical 9.1
OS Command Injection via Config Upload in WebUI
A remote attacker with administrator account can gain full control of the device due to improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') while uploading a config file via webUI.
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Critical 9.8
An OS command injection issue exists in Nimesa Backup and Recovery v2.3 and v2.4. If this vulnerability is exploited, a…
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High 7.2
TeamT5｜ThreatSonar Anti-Ransomware - OS Command Injection
ThreatSonar Anti-Ransomware developed by TeamT5 has an OS Command Injection vulnerability, allowing remote attackers with product platform intermediate privileges to inject arbitrary OS commands and execute them on the server, thereby gaining administrative a…
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High 8.1
Comodo Internet Security Premium Manifest File cis_update_x64.xml os command injection
A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in Comodo Internet Security Premium 12.3.4.8162. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file cis_update_x64.xml of the component Manifest File Handler. The manipulation of the argume…
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Medium 6.3CVE-2025-7083 EPSS 47%
Belkin F9K1122 webs mp os command injection
A vulnerability was found in Belkin F9K1122 1.00.33. It has been classified as critical. This affects the function mp of the file /goform/mp of the component webs. The manipulation of the argument command leads to os command injection. It is possible to initi…
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Medium 6.3CVE-2025-7082 EPSS 18%
Belkin F9K1122 webs formBSSetSitesurvey os command injection
A vulnerability was found in Belkin F9K1122 1.00.33 and classified as critical. Affected by this issue is the function formBSSetSitesurvey of the file /goform/formBSSetSitesurvey of the component webs. The manipulation of the argument wan_ipaddr/wan_netmask/w…
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Medium 6.3CVE-2025-7081 EPSS 20%
Belkin F9K1122 webs formSetWanStatic os command injection
A vulnerability has been found in Belkin F9K1122 1.00.33 and classified as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is the function formSetWanStatic of the file /goform/formSetWanStatic of the component webs. The manipulation of the argument m_wan_ipaddr/m_wa…
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Medium 6.7
In the Production Environment extension in Netmake ScriptCase through 9.12.006 (23), shell injection in the SSH connect…
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Critical 9.0CVE-2025-34087 Public exploit
Pi-Hole AdminLTE Whitelist (now 'Web Allowlist') Remote Command Execution
An authenticated command injection vulnerability exists in Pi-hole versions up to 3.3. When adding a domain to the allowlist via the web interface, the domain parameter is not properly sanitized, allowing an attacker to append OS commands to the domain string…
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High 8.6CVE-2025-34088 Public exploit
Pandora FMS Authenticated Remote Code Execution via Ping Module
An authenticated remote code execution vulnerability exists in Pandora FMS version 7.0NG and earlier. The net_tools.php functionality allows authenticated users to execute arbitrary OS commands via the select_ips parameter when performing network tools operat…
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Critical 9.3CVE-2025-34082 Public exploit
IGEL OS Secure Terminal and Secure Shadow Remote Code Execution
A command injection vulnerability exists in IGEL OS versions prior to 11.04.270 within the Secure Terminal and Secure Shadow services. The flaw arises due to improper input sanitization in the handling of specially crafted PROXYCMD commands on TCP ports 30022…
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Medium 6.0
Cisco Spaces Connector Privilege Escalation Vulnerability
A vulnerability in Cisco Spaces Connector could allow an authenticated, local attacker to elevate privileges and execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system as root. This vulnerability is due to insufficient restrictions during the execution…
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Critical 10.0
stamparm/maltrail <=0.54 Remote Command Execution
An unauthenticated command injection vulnerability exists in stamparm/maltrail (Maltrail) versions <=0.54. A remote attacker can execute arbitrary operating system commands via the username parameter in a POST request to the /login endpoint. This occurs due t…
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High 8.6
RestDB's Codehooks.io MCP Server Vulnerable to Command Injection
RestDB's Codehooks.io MCP Server is an MCP server on the Codehooks.io platform. Prior to version 0.2.2, the MCP server is written in a way that is vulnerable to command injection attacks as part of some of its MCP Server tools definition and implementation. T…
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Critical 9.4
AVTECH IP camera, DVR, and NVR Devices Authenticated Root Command Execution
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in AVTECH IP camera, DVR, and NVR devices via the PwdGrp.cgi endpoint, which handles user and group management operations. Authenticated users can supply input through the pwd or grp parameters, which are directly …
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Critical 9.4
AVTECH IP camera, DVR, and NVR Devices Authenticated Root Command Execution
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in AVTECH DVR, NVR, and IP camera devices within the adcommand.cgi endpoint, which interfaces with the ActionD daemon. Authenticated users can invoke the DoShellCmd operation, passing arbitrary input via the strCmd…
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Critical 10.0
AVTECH IP camera, DVR, and NVR Devices Unauthenticated Command Injection
An unauthenticated command injection vulnerability exists in AVTECH DVR devices via Search.cgi?action=cgi_query. The use of wget without input sanitization allows attackers to inject shell commands through the username or queryb64str parameters, executing com…
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Medium 6.3
D-Link DI-7300G+/DI-8200G msp_info.htm os command injection
A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, was found in D-Link DI-7300G+ and DI-8200G 17.12.20A1/19.12.25A1. This affects an unknown part of the file msp_info.htm. The manipulation of the argument flag/cmd/iface leads to os command injection. It is po…
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Medium 6.3CVE-2025-6898 EPSS 18%
D-Link DI-7300G+ in proxy_client.asp os command injection
A vulnerability, which was classified as critical, has been found in D-Link DI-7300G+ 19.12.25A1. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file in proxy_client.asp. The manipulation of the argument proxy_srv/proxy_lanport/proxy_lanip/proxy_…
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Medium 5.5
D-Link DI-7300G+ httpd_debug.asp os command injection
A vulnerability classified as critical was found in D-Link DI-7300G+ 19.12.25A1. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file httpd_debug.asp. The manipulation of the argument Time leads to os command injection. The exploit has been …
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Medium 6.3
D-Link DI-7300G+ wget_test.asp os command injection
A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in D-Link DI-7300G+ 19.12.25A1. Affected is an unknown function of the file wget_test.asp. The manipulation of the argument url leads to os command injection. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. …
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Critical 9.8
Conductor vulnerable to OS command injection through unrestricted access to Java classes
Orkes Conductor v3.21.11 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary OS commands through unrestricted access to Java classes.
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High 7.8
Command injection in networking service
A command injection in the networking service of the MIB3 infotainment allows an attacker already presenting in the system to escalate privileges and obtain administrative access to the system. The vulnerability was originally discovered in Skoda Superb III c…
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High 7.2
An OS command injection issue exists in multiple versions of TB-eye network recorders and AHD recorders. If this vulner…
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Critical 9.4
OptiLink ONT1GEW GPON Remote Code Execution
An OS command injection vulnerability exists in the OptiLink ONT1GEW GPON router firmware version V2.1.11_X101 Build 1127.190306 and earlier. The router’s web management interface fails to properly sanitize user input in the target_addr parameter of the formT…
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Critical 9.4
WIFISKY 7-Layer Flow Control Router Remote Command Execution
A remote command injection vulnerability exists in the confirm.php interface of the WIFISKY 7-layer Flow Control Router via a specially-crafted HTTP GET request to the t parameter. Insufficient input validation allows unauthenticated attackers to execute arbi…
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Critical 10.0
Vacron NVR Remote Command Execution
A remote command injection vulnerability exists in Vacron Network Video Recorder (NVR) devices v1.4 due to improper input sanitization in the board.cgi script. The vulnerability allows unauthenticated attackers to pass arbitrary commands to the underlying ope…
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Critical 9.4
Beward N100 IP Camera Remote Command Execution
An authenticated command injection vulnerability exists in the Beward N100 IP Camera firmware version M2.1.6.04C014 via the ServerName and TimeZone parameters in the servetest CGI page. An attacker with access to the web interface can inject arbitrary system …
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Medium 6.0
Command Injection in MCP Server ios-simulator-mcp
iOS Simulator MCP Server (ios-simulator-mcp) is a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for interacting with iOS simulators. Versions prior to 1.3.3 are written in a way that is vulnerable to command injection vulnerability attacks as part of some of its MCP Se…
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High 8.8
Hunt Electronic Hybrid DVR - OS Command Injection
Certain hybrid DVR models (HBF-09KD and HBF-16NK) from Hunt Electronic have an OS Command Injection vulnerability, allowing remote attackers with regular privileges to inject arbitrary OS commands and execute them on the device.
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High 8.6
OS Command Injection
A user with specific node group editing permissions and a specially crafted class parameter could be used to execute commands as root on the primary host. It affects Puppet Enterprise versions 2018.1.8 through 2023.8.3 and 2025.3 and has been resolved in vers…
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Medium 6.3
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE ap.so QuickSetting os command injection
A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. This affects the function QuickSetting of the file ap.so. The manipulation of the argument hour/minute leads to os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack r…
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Medium 6.3
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE upgrade.so setUpgradeUboot os command injection
A vulnerability was found in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. It has been rated as critical. Affected by this issue is the function setUpgradeUboot of the file upgrade.so. The manipulation of the argument FileName leads to os command injection. The attack may be …
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Medium 6.3
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE upgrade.so setUpgradeFW os command injection
A vulnerability was found in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. It has been declared as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is the function setUpgradeFW of the file upgrade.so. The manipulation of the argument FileName leads to os command injection. The attack…
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Medium 6.3
TOTOLINK CA300-PoE wps.so SetWLanApcliSettings os command injection
A vulnerability was found in TOTOLINK CA300-PoE 6.2c.884. It has been classified as critical. Affected is the function SetWLanApcliSettings of the file wps.so. The manipulation of the argument PIN leads to os command injection. It is possible to launch the at…
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Critical 9.8
WRH-733GBK and WRH-733GWH contain an improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command ('OS Command Inj…
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Critical 9.8
WRH-733GBK and WRH-733GWH contain an improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command ('OS Command Inj…
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High 8.8
WRC-X3000GS, WRC-X3000GSA, and WRC-X3000GSN contain an improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS comman…
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Critical 9.8
Sapido Wireless Router - OS Command Injection
Multiple wireless router models from Sapido have an OS Command Injection vulnerability, allowing unauthenticated remote attackers to inject arbitrary OS commands and execute them on the server. The affected models are out of support; replacing the device is r…