Weakness (CWE)
CWE-78: OS Command Injection
The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command before it is sent to a downstream component.
How to prevent it (8 mitigations)
-
Architecture and Design
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
-
Architecture and Design, Operation
Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
-
Architecture and Design
For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.
-
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
-
Architecture and Design
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
-
Implementation
While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).
-
Implementation
If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.
-
Architecture and Design
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.
Source: MITRE CWE-78
5,315 results · Feed
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WN536AX6-A protocol.csp host_black os command injection
A vulnerability was determined in WAVLINK WN536AX6-A V260507. This impacts the function host_black of the file /protocol.csp. This manipulation of the argument mac causes os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit has bee…
-
Critical 10.0
WAVLINK WN536AX6-A WireGuard protocol.csp wireguard_cli_group handler os command injection
A vulnerability has been found in WAVLINK WN536AX6-A V260507. The impacted element is the function wireguard_cli_group handler of the file /protocol.csp of the component WireGuard. The manipulation of the argument group_id/group_name leads to os command injec…
-
Critical 10.0
WAVLINK WN536AX6-A openvpn_cli protocol.csp os command injection
A flaw has been found in WAVLINK WN536AX6-A V260507. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /protocol.csp of the component openvpn_cli Handler. Executing a manipulation of the argument file_id can lead to os command injection. The attack can …
-
Critical 10.0
WAVLINK WN536AX6-A WireGuard CLI Group ioos sub_41a1d8 os command injection
A security vulnerability has been detected in WAVLINK WN536AX6-A V260507_2.0.0. This issue affects the function sub_41a1d8 of the file /bin/ioos of the component WireGuard CLI Group Handler. Such manipulation of the argument group_name leads to os command inj…
-
Critical 10.0
WAVLINK WN536AX6-A Web Management ioos sub_416760 os command injection
A weakness has been identified in WAVLINK WN536AX6-A V260507_2.0.0. This vulnerability affects the function sub_416760 of the file /bin/ioos of the component Web Management Interface. This manipulation of the argument group_name causes os command injection. I…
-
Medium 5.5
Shanghai Xi Yu Ji Zhi Technology Minimax Code Find os command injection
A security flaw has been discovered in Shanghai Xi Yu Ji Zhi Technology Minimax Code 0.5.8. This affects an unknown part of the component Find Command Handler. The manipulation of the argument -exec results in os command injection. The attack may be performed…
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WN553X1-B WireGuard CLI Group ioos sub_41A748 os command injection
A vulnerability was determined in WAVLINK WN553X1-B V260403_2.0.0. This issue affects the function sub_41A748 of the file /bin/ioos of the component WireGuard CLI Group Handler. Executing a manipulation of the argument group_id/group_name can lead to os comma…
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WN553X1-B WireGuard CLI ioos sub_419DA8 os command injection
A vulnerability was found in WAVLINK WN553X1-B V260403_2.0.0. This vulnerability affects the function sub_419DA8 of the file /bin/ioos of the component WireGuard CLI Handler. Performing a manipulation of the argument file_id results in os command injection. T…
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WN553X1-B ovpn_file ioos sub_4162A8 os command injection
A vulnerability has been found in WAVLINK WN553X1-B 260403_2.0.0. This affects the function sub_4162A8 of the file /bin/ioos of the component ovpn_file Handler. Such manipulation of the argument file_id leads to os command injection. The attack can be execute…
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WN553X1-B OpenVPN CLI ioos sub_416568 os command injection
A vulnerability was determined in WAVLINK WN553X1-B V260403_2.0.0. The affected element is the function sub_416568 of the file /bin/ioos of the component OpenVPN CLI Handler. This manipulation of the argument file_id causes os command injection. It is possibl…
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WN701AE ioos Web Backend del_vlan_group os command injection
A vulnerability was found in WAVLINK WN701AE 260105. Impacted is the function del_vlan_group of the component ioos Web Backend. The manipulation of the argument vlan_name results in os command injection. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit ha…
-
Critical 9.1
WAVLINK WN553X1-B ioos sub_416B50 os command injection
A vulnerability has been found in WAVLINK WN553X1-B 260403_2.0.0. This issue affects the function sub_416B50 of the file /bin/ioos. The manipulation of the argument file_id leads to os command injection. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The …
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WN553X1-B ioos Service sub_416D88 os command injection
A flaw has been found in WAVLINK WN553X1-B V260403_2.0.0. This vulnerability affects the function sub_416D88 of the file /bin/ioos of the component ioos Service. Executing a manipulation of the argument group_id/group_name can lead to os command injection. Th…
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WN701AE ioos Web Backend static_route_setting.sh del_staticrule os command injection
A vulnerability was detected in WAVLINK WN701AE M01AE_V260105. This affects the function del_staticrule of the file static_route_setting.sh of the component ioos Web Backend. Performing a manipulation of the argument rule_name results in os command injection.…
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WL-WN530HG4B wapi.cgi port_forward os command injection
A flaw has been found in WAVLINK WL-WN530HG4B M_V260724. This impacts the function port_forward of the file /cgi-bin/wapi.cgi. This manipulation of the argument Name causes os command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has …
-
Critical 9.9
WAVLINK WN579X3-D wapi.cgi port_forward os command injection
A vulnerability was detected in WAVLINK WN579X3-D V250402. This affects the function port_forward of the file /cgi-bin/wapi.cgi. The manipulation of the argument Name results in os command injection. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit is now…
-
Critical 10.0
WAVLINK WL-WN579A3-A Initial Setup Wizard adm.cgi set_wzdgwMesh os command injection
A security vulnerability has been detected in WAVLINK WL-WN579A3-A 2026-03-10-94f93d4. The impacted element is the function set_wzdgwMesh of the file /cgi-bin/adm.cgi of the component Initial Setup Wizard. The manipulation of the argument wlan_ssid leads to o…
-
High 7.4
SoftIron HyperCloud: OS Command Injection in Orchestrator via Virtual Machine Template Fields
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection') in the Orchestrator component of SoftIron HyperCloud allows an authenticated user with access to the management plane to execute arbitrary operating system commands on hypervi…
-
Critical 9.9
ThingLinks vulnerable to authenticated remote code execution via Groovy script registration in ThingLinks
ThingLinks is an enterprise IoT platform. Prior to 1.4.0, the `/groovyScriptTest/registerScript` endpoint accepts user-supplied Groovy script content and passes it to an unsandboxed `Groovy compilation and loading` flow. An authenticated attacker can provide …
-
High 7.8
Pi-hole: Local privilege escalation from `pihole` user to root via CVE-2026-41489 fix bypass
Pi-hole is a DNS sinkhole that protects devices from unwanted content without installing any client-side software. Prior to 6.5, advanced/Scripts/utils.sh getFTLPID() attempts to validate the pihole-owned /run/pihole-FTL.pid file with expr "${FTL_PID}" : "[^[…
-
Critical 9.9
pgAdmin 4: Import/Export Data query export runs a command through a backslash in a double-quoted identifier
pgAdmin 4's Import/Export Data tool wraps a user's query export in a psql \copy (...) TO command and checks that the query's parentheses are balanced so that nothing can escape the wrapper. The check rejected a backslash inside a single-quoted string, but not…
-
High 7.0
Zuke: Argument injection on Windows: batch shims are launched through cmd.exe, which re-parses the command line
Zuke is a code-first, strongly typed build automation system for Deno. Prior to 1.51.0, @zuke/core launches resolved Windows .cmd and .bat shims by prepending cmd /c, causing cmd.exe to reparse a command line assembled with C-runtime quoting rules. A build ru…
-
High 8.8
Paperclip 2026.403.0 before 2026.416.0 RCE via Execution Workspace Cleanup Commands
Paperclip 2026.403.0 before 2026.416.0 contains a remote code execution vulnerability that allows agent API key holders to set cleanupCommand and teardownCommand via PATCH /api/execution-workspaces/:id. When the workspace is archived, cleanupExecutionWorkspac…
-
High 7.2CVE-2026-118238 Public exploit
CVE-2026-118238
The Tenda W18E web management server is vulnerable to OS command injection via the "diagnose" packet-capture feature due to improper validation of JSON fields. An authenticated user can inject shell metacharacters into the protocol or targetDevice fields, whi…
-
High 8.8
Dell OpenManage Enterprise, versions prior to 4.8.0, contains an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an…
-
High 8.4
CallBackery versions before 0.62.0 for Perl allow OS command execution via sqlite3 shell commands in a restored configuration backup
CallBackery versions before 0.62.0 for Perl allow OS command execution via sqlite3 shell commands in a restored configuration backup. restoreConfigBlob() feeds the database dump in a backup to the sqlite3 command-line shell. The shell runs lines starting with…
-
High 7.2
Dell OpenManage Enterprise, versions prior to 4.8.0, contains an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an…
-
High 7.2
Dell OpenManage Enterprise, versions prior to 4.8.0, contains an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an…
-
High 8.8
Dell OpenManage Enterprise, versions prior to 4.8.0, contains an Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an…
-
High 7.2
OPNsense before 26.7.8 Root Command Injection via Firmware Mirror Setting
OPNsense before 26.7.8 contains a command injection vulnerability that allows authenticated users with the System: Firmware privilege to execute commands as root by storing a malicious firmware mirror URL. Attackers can submit shell metacharacters through POS…
-
Critical 9.8
Dahua Intelligent Connection Center command injection
A vulnerability has been found in the Dahua Intelligent Connection Center. A remote attacker could send a specially crafted request to the affected system, allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary commands, resulting in remote code execution.
-
Critical 9.8
Ffmpeg Image Toolkit - Highly critical - Remote Code Execution - SA-CONTRIB-2026-220
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ("OS Command Injection") vulnerability in Drupal Ffmpeg Image Toolkit allows OS Command Injection. This issue affects Ffmpeg Image Toolkit versions: from 0.0.0 to 1.0.3.
-
High 7.3
Nx: OS command injection via nx.json plugin options in @nx/maven and @nx/gradle
Nx is a monorepo solution for TypeScript and polyglot codebases. From 22.0.2 until 22.7.9 and 23.1.2 for @nx/maven, and from 21.0.0 until 22.7.9 and 23.1.2 for @nx/gradle, the plugins' project-graph analyzers launch through a shell and interpolate plugin opti…
-
High 7.8
Rapid7 Insight Agent Local Privilege Escalation via Shell Injection in mcp.json Configuration Path
Improper handling of local filesystem paths in Rapid7 Insight Agent on Linux and macOS may allow authenticated local users to gain elevated privileges. Exploitation requires existing local access and depends on the Agent's inventory collection processing the …
-
Critical 9.9
OS Command Injection in Progress WS_FTP Server
An OS command injection vulnerability in Progress Software WS_FTP Server versions prior to 2024.0.7 and 2025.0.4 on Windows could allow arbitrary command execution under certain configurations.
-
Critical 9.0
Command Injection via FTP Notification Variables in Progress WS_FTP Server
An OS command injection vulnerability in Progress Software WS_FTP Server versions prior to 2024.0.7 and 2025.0.4 on Windows could allow arbitrary command execution with elevated privileges under certain configurations.
-
Medium 4.3
Langflow OSS is affected by multiple vulnerabilities
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.12.3 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to cause a denial of service due to improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command.
-
High 8.8CVE-2026-107326 Public exploit
Langflow OSS is affected by multiple vulnerabilities
IBM Langflow OSS 1.0.0 through 1.12.4 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code due to improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command.
-
Critical 9.8
Yamaha wireless LAN router NWR100 provided by Yamaha Corporation contains an OS command injection vulnerability. Arbitr…
-
High 7.5CVE-2026-119025 Public exploit
open 7.2.0 before 11.0.0 OS Command Injection via PowerShell on Windows
open 7.2.0 before 11.0.0 contains an OS command injection vulnerability that allows attackers to execute PowerShell code by supplying crafted URLs on Windows and WSL. Attackers can embed $(...) subexpressions in URLs, such as OAuth authorization_endpoint valu…