Weakness (CWE)
CWE-1336: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
The product uses a template engine to insert or process externally-influenced input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements or syntax that can be interpreted as template expressions or other code directives when processed by the engine.
More detail
In some cases, XSS-style attacks can work, which can obscure the root cause if the developer does not closely investigate the root cause of the error.
Template engines can be used on the server or client, so both "sides" could be affected by injection. The mechanisms of attack or the affected technologies might be different, but the mistake is fundamentally the same.
How to prevent it (2 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Choose a template engine that offers a sandbox or restricted mode, or at least limits the power of any available expressions, function calls, or commands.
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Implementation
Use the template engine's sandbox or restricted mode, if available.
Source: MITRE CWE-1336
320 results · Feed
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Critical 9.4
Server-Side Template Injection in SecureTransport's Apache Velocity mail templates
A Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability was identified in the mail template functionality of the Axway SecureTransport product in version 5.5-20260326. This flaw allows an attacker with admin privileges to inject arbitrary Java code expressions,…
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High 8.8
`datamodel-code-generator` vulnerable to code injection in via attacker-controlled `default_factory` schema field
datamodel-code-generator generates Pydantic v2 models, dataclasses, TypedDict, and msgspec.Struct from OpenAPI, JSON Schema, GraphQL, Avro, Protobuf, and raw JSON, YAML, or CSV. From 0.17.0 until 0.60.2, datamodel-code-generator preserves attacker-controlled …
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High 7.8
`datamodel-code-generator` vulnerable to code injection via unescaped carriage return in GraphQL Union description
datamodel-code-generator generates Python data models from schema definitions. Prior to 0.60.1, GraphQL Union description values in src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/UnionTypeStatement.jinja2 and src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/UnionType…
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High 7.8
`datamodel-code-generator` vulnerable to code injection via unescaped carriage return in `--extra-template-data` `comment` field
datamodel-code-generator generates Python data models from schema definitions. From 0.14.1 until 0.60.2, the --extra-template-data comment field is rendered into Python comments in src/datamodel_code_generator/model/template/TypeAliasAnnotation.jinja2, src/da…
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Critical 9.9
Tugtainer has Server-Side Template Injection in notification templates that leads to Remote Code Execution
Tugtainer is a self-hosted app for automating updates of Docker containers. Versions prior to 1.30.2 are vulnerable to Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) in the notification template feature. The `title_template` and `body_template` fields are rendered usi…
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High 7.5
MeltanoHub vulnerable to command injection in the `test_dispatcher` GitHub Actions workflow
MeltanoHub is the source code for hub.meltano.com, the central place for Meltano plugins. Versions of the repo prior to commit 923820de8f64d753951fbbd54f7282a3d5f75173 were vulnerable to exfiltration of `GITHUB_TOKEN` with write permissions to the repository.…
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Medium 6.3
Gitleaks Secret Exfiltration via Non-Hermetic Sprig Template Functions in Report Template Feature
Gitleaks prior to 8.30.1 contains a template injection vulnerability that allows attackers who can supply or influence report templates to read arbitrary environment variables and exfiltrate sensitive data by leveraging non-hermetic Sprig template functions. …
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Critical 10.0
Jupyter Enterprise Gateway: Jinja2 Template Server Side Template Injection results in Remote Code Execution
Jupyter Enterprise Gateway launches remote Jupyter Notebook kernels across distributed clusters like Apache Spark, Kubernetes, and Docker Swarm. In versions 2.0.0rc2 and above, prior to 3.3.0, the environment variables (KERNEL_XXX) used during the rendering o…
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High 8.8
ERPNext: Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) in Batch autonaming via Stock Settings.naming_series_prefix
ERPNext is a free and open source Enterprise Resource Planning tool. Prior to 15.111.0 and 16.22.0, an authenticated user with a standard operational role can trigger server-side template injection through a configuration field, resulting in unauthorized disc…
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Medium 6.1
Grav before 2.0.1 XSS via Twig String Concatenation
Grav v2.0.0 contains a cross-site scripting vulnerability (fixed in 2.0.1). The XSS blueprint validator (Security::detectXss()) runs on raw page content before Twig processing. When Twig content processing is enabled (twig_content.process_enabled: true), an a…
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High 8.7CVE-2026-55794 Public exploit
Craft CMS: Potential authenticated Remote Code Execution via referrer redirect
Craft CMS is a content management system (CMS). In versions 5.9.0 and above prior to 5.10.0, control panel users with the ability to edit entries can execute unsandboxed Twig code via the HTTP Referrer header, potentially leading to authenticated RCE. The iss…
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Low 3.5
Gogs: DoS in rendering issue index pattern
Gogs is an open source self-hosted Git service. Prior to 0.14.3, specially crafted issue index pattern can cause a panic when rendering, resulting in denial of service. In internal/markup/markup.go, RenderIssueIndexPattern renders the issue index pattern to a…
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Critical 9.4
FOSSBilling: Server-side template injection in Twig template rendering enables information disclosure and RCE
FOSSBilling is a free, open-source billing and client management system. Versions prior to 0.8.0 have a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability in the template rendering system. Administrators with access to features that render Twig templates (em…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2026-54390 Public exploit
JTL Shop < 5.7.2 Server-Side Template Injection via Smarty Renderer
JTL Shop versions 5.2.0 through 5.7.1 contains a server-side template injection vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to inject malicious template syntax due to unsanitized user-supplied input passed to the Smarty template engine. Attackers can …
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High 7.2
Pimcore CMS 12.3.8 Twig Sandbox Bypass via SecurityPolicy checkMethodAllowed
Pimcore CMS/DXP version 12.3.8 contains a sandbox bypass vulnerability that allows authenticated administrative attackers to execute arbitrary methods on PHP objects by exploiting empty checkMethodAllowed() and checkPropertyAllowed() implementations in the cu…
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High 8.9
Tautulli Vulnerable to Unauthenticated/Authenticated Remote Code Execution via Newsletter Custom Template Directory
Tautulli is a Python based monitoring and tracking tool for Plex Media Server. Versions prior to 2.17.1 are vulnerable to remote code execution via the newsletter custom template directory feature. On a fresh install before the setup wizard is completed, all …
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Critical 9.3
Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) in Wirtualna Uczelnia
Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) in Wirtualna Uczelnia allows an unauthenticated attacker to perform Remote Code Execution (RCE). In the endpoint redirectToUrl and parameter redirectUrlParameter, insufficient input validation permits injection of arbitra…
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Critical 9.1
Apache Airflow: BashOperator Jinja2 injection via dag_run.conf — low-privilege user pattern
Apache Airflow's official documentation at `core-concepts/dag-run.html` ("Passing Parameters when triggering Dags") showed a verbatim `BashOperator(bash_command="echo value: {{ dag_run.conf['conf1'] }}")` example without any quoting / sanitization warning. Da…
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Critical 9.8
Formie: Pre-authenticated server-side template injection in Hidden fields
Formie is a Craft CMS plugin for creating forms. Prior to 2.2.20 and 3.1.24, unauthenticated users could submit crafted values into Hidden fields (with Default value → Custom) that were evaluated as Twig during submission handling, which could lead to serious…
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Medium 4.5
In JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA before 2026.1 code execution was possible via template injection in the Copyright plugin
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Critical 9.9
RAGFlow: Server-Side Template Injection in Prompt Generator leads to Remote Code Execution
RAGFlow is an open-source RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) engine. In 0.24.0 and earlier, a Jinja2 template injection in the prompt generator (rag/prompts/generator.py) allows any authenticated user to execute arbitrary OS commands on the server. Any norm…
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Critical 9.9CVE-2026-9558 Public exploit
Mautic has Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) in Theme Templates
A Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in Mautic's theme engine. The platform renders uploaded Twig templates without a sandbox or strict function restrictions. Authenticated users with permissions to create or upload themes can abuse th…
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High 8.7
Local Path Provisioner: HelperPod Template Injection
Local Path Provisioner provides a way for the Kubernetes users to utilize the local storage in each node. Prior to 0.0.36, a malicious user with permission to edit the local-path-config ConfigMap in the local-path-storage namespace can manipulate the helperPo…
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High 7.5
Banks: Critical Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Jinja2 SSTI
Banks generates meaningful LLM prompts using a template language that makes sense. Prior to 2.4.2, banks uses jinja2.Environment() (unsandboxed) to render prompt templates. Applications that pass user-supplied strings as the template argument to Prompt() are …
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Medium 5.0
Vowpal Wabbit: Shell injection via crafted PR title in python_checks.yml allows arbitrary command execution on CI runner
Vowpal Wabbit is a machine learning system. The workflow .github/workflows/python_checks.yml embeds ${{ github.event.pull_request.title }} directly inside double-quoted bash strings in four separate steps across four jobs, each passing it as a CLI argument to…
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Medium 6.3
Dromara lamp-cloud Message Template GroovyClassLoader.parseClass special elements used in a template engine
A vulnerability has been found in Dromara lamp-cloud up to 5.6.2. Impacted is the function GroovyClassLoader.parseClass of the component Message Template Handler. Such manipulation of the argument DefMsgTemplate.content leads to improper neutralization of spe…
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Medium 4.6
Angular template injection in Reports in Guardian/CMC before 26.1.0
An Angular template injection vulnerability was discovered in the Reports functionality due to improper validation of an input parameter. An authenticated user with report privileges can define a malicious report containing an Angular template payload, or a v…
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Medium 6.5
Apache OFBiz: Low-Privilege SSTI Leading to RCE in the Content Component
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine vulnerability in Apache OFBiz. This issue affects Apache OFBiz: before 24.09.06. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 24.09.06, which fixes the issue. Please note that in the updated…
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Medium 6.3
Sanluan PublicCMS templateResult API TemplateResultDirective.java execute special elements used in a template engine
A flaw has been found in Sanluan PublicCMS 5.202506.d. The impacted element is the function execute of the file publiccms-core/src/main/java/com/publiccms/views/directive/tools/TemplateResultDirective.java of the component templateResult API. This manipulatio…
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Critical 9.1
CubeCart: Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) in Smarty Templates leading to RCE
CubeCart is an ecommerce software solution. Prior to 6.7.0, an Authenticated Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in multiple modules of CubeCart (including Email Templates, Invoices, Documents, and Contact Forms). The application unsafe…
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Critical 9.1
CubeCart: Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) in Smarty Templates leading to RCE
CubeCart is an ecommerce software solution. Prior to 6.7.0, an Authenticated Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in multiple modules of CubeCart (including Email Templates and Documents). The application unsafely evaluates user-supplied…
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Critical 9.0
Thymeleaf: Improper recognition of unauthorized syntax patterns in sandboxed Thymeleaf expressions
Thymeleaf is a server-side Java template engine for web and standalone environments. Prior to 3.1.5.RELEASE, a security bypass vulnerability exists in the expression execution mechanisms of Thymeleaf. Although the library provides mechanisms to avoid the exec…
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High 8.2
Prompt Injection via Memory Poisoning in PromptChatMemoryAdvisor
A malicious user could craft input that is stored in conversation memory and later interpreted by the model in an unintended way. Applications using the affected advisor with user-controlled input may be susceptible to manipulation of model behavior across co…
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High 8.3
Server-side template injection
SEPPmail Secure Email Gateway before version 15.0.4 contains a server-side template injection vulnerability in the new GINA UI because an endpoint accepts attacker-controlled template, allowing remote attackers to execute arbitrary template expressions and po…
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Low 3.0
In OpenStack Ironic before 35.0.2 (in a certain non-default configuration), instance_info['ks_template'] is rendered wi…
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High 8.6CVE-2026-42203 Public exploit
LiteLLM: Server-Side Template Injection in /prompts/test endpoint
LiteLLM is a proxy server (AI Gateway) to call LLM APIs in OpenAI (or native) format. From version 1.80.5 to before version 1.83.7, the POST /prompts/test endpoint accepted user-supplied prompt templates and rendered them without sandboxing. A crafted templat…
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High —
jdbi3-freemarker Vulnerable to Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in FreeMarker Template Engine
# Summary **Description** An Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine (CWE-1336) vulnerability in Jdbi allows arbitrary command execution when an application using `jdbi3-freemarker` permits attacker-influenced text to reach `Free…
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Medium 4.7
AstrBotDevs AstrBot Dashboard API t2i.py create_template special elements used in a template engine
A security flaw has been discovered in AstrBotDevs AstrBot up to 4.22.1. This affects the function create_template of the file astrbot/dashboard/routes/t2i.py of the component Dashboard API. The manipulation results in improper neutralization of special eleme…
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Medium 5.4
AnythingLLM vulnerable to stored DOM XSS in chart caption renderer - LLM-driven prompt injection produces executable HTML via unsanitized renderMarkdown(content.caption) in Chartable component
AnythingLLM is an application that turns pieces of content into context that any LLM can use as references during chatting. Prior to version 1.12.1, AnythingLLM's in-chat markdown renderer has an unsafe custom rule for images that interpolates the markdown im…
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High 7.6
Kirby has Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) via double template resolution in option rendering
Kirby is an open-source content management system. Prior to versions 4.9.0 and 5.4.0, Kirby's user permissions control which user role is allowed to perform specific actions to content models in the CMS. These permissions are defined for each role in the user…