Weakness (CWE)
CWE-1336: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine
The product uses a template engine to insert or process externally-influenced input, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements or syntax that can be interpreted as template expressions or other code directives when processed by the engine.
More detail
In some cases, XSS-style attacks can work, which can obscure the root cause if the developer does not closely investigate the root cause of the error.
Template engines can be used on the server or client, so both "sides" could be affected by injection. The mechanisms of attack or the affected technologies might be different, but the mistake is fundamentally the same.
How to prevent it (2 mitigations)
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Architecture and Design
Choose a template engine that offers a sandbox or restricted mode, or at least limits the power of any available expressions, function calls, or commands.
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Implementation
Use the template engine's sandbox or restricted mode, if available.
Source: MITRE CWE-1336
320 results · Feed
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Medium 5.6
hass-cli: Handling of user-supplied Jinja2 templates
The Home Assistant Command-line interface (hass-cli) is a command-line tool for Home Assistant. Up to 1.0.0 of home-assitant-cli an unrestricted environment was used to handle Jninja2 templates instead of a sandboxed one. The user-supplied input within Jinja2…
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Critical 9.1CVE-2026-40478 Exploited
Improper neutralization of specific syntax patterns for unauthorized expressions in Thymeleaf
Thymeleaf is a server-side Java template engine for web and standalone environments. Versions 3.1.3.RELEASE and prior contain a security bypass vulnerability in the the expression execution mechanisms. Although the library provides mechanisms to prevent expre…
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Critical 9.1
Improper restriction of the scope of accessible objects in Thymeleaf expressions
Thymeleaf is a server-side Java template engine for web and standalone environments. Versions 3.1.3.RELEASE and prior contain a security bypass vulnerability in the expression execution mechanisms. Although the library provides mechanisms to prevent expressio…
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Medium 5.4
Giskard has an Unsandboxed Jinja2 Template Rendering in ConformityCheck
Giskard is an open-source testing framework for AI models. In versions prior to 1.0.2b1, the ConformityCheck class rendered the rule parameter through Jinja2's default Template() constructor, silently interpreting template expressions at runtime. If check def…
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High 7.2
In JetBrains YouTrack before 2025.3.131383 high privileged user can achieve RCE via sandbox bypass
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Medium 4.7
Sanluan PublicCMS FreeMarker Template AbstractFreemarkerView.java AbstractFreemarkerView.doRender special elements used in a template engine
A security vulnerability has been detected in Sanluan PublicCMS up to 6.202506.d. This affects the function AbstractFreemarkerView.doRender of the file publiccms-parent/publiccms-core/src/main/java/com/publiccms/common/base/AbstractFreemarkerView.java of the …
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Medium 5.3
LangChain has incomplete f-string validation in prompt templates
LangChain is a framework for building agents and LLM-powered applications. Prior to 0.3.84 and 1.2.28, LangChain's f-string prompt-template validation was incomplete in two respects. First, some prompt template classes accepted f-string templates and formatte…
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Critical 9.1CVE-2026-39980 Public exploit
OpenCTI affected by RCE via notifier template
OpenCTI is an open source platform for managing cyber threat intelligence knowledge and observables. Prior to 6.9.5, the safeEjs.ts file does not properly sanitize EJS templates. Users with the Manage customization capability can run arbitrary JavaScript in t…
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Medium 5.5
InvenTree has SSTI in PART_NAME_FORMAT bypasses CVE-2026-27629 fix via {% if part.pk %} sandbox escape
InvenTree is an Open Source Inventory Management System. From 1.2.3 to 1.2.6, the fix for CVE-2026-27629 upgraded the PART_NAME_FORMAT validator to use jinja2.sandbox.SandboxedEnvironment. However, the actual renderer in part/helpers.py was not updated and st…
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High 8.7CVE-2026-34724 Public exploit
Zammad has a server-side template injection leading to RCE via AI Agent
Zammad is a web based open source helpdesk/customer support system. Prior to 7.0.1, a server-side template injection vulnerability which leads to RCE via AI Agent exists. Impact is limited to environments where an attacker can control or influence type_enrich…
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High 8.8
BentoML has a Server-Side Template Injection via unsandboxed Jinja2 Environment in Dockerfile generation
BentoML is a Python library for building online serving systems optimized for AI apps and model inference. Prior to 1.4.38, the Dockerfile generation function generate_containerfile() in src/bentoml/_internal/container/generate.py uses an unsandboxed jinja2.E…
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Critical 9.1
GLPI has a Server-Side Template Injection via Double-Compilation
GLPI is a free asset and IT management software package. From 11.0.0 to before 11.0.6, template injection by an administrator lead to RCE. This vulnerability is fixed in 11.0.6.
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Medium 6.3
AntaresMugisho PyBlade AST Validation sandbox.py _is_safe_ast special elements used in a template engine
A vulnerability has been found in AntaresMugisho PyBlade 0.1.8-alpha/0.1.9-alpha. The affected element is the function _is_safe_ast of the file sandbox.py of the component AST Validation. Such manipulation leads to improper neutralization of special elements …
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High 8.7CVE-2026-28797 Public exploit
RAGFlow: Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) leading to Remote Code Execution (RCE) in Agent "Text Processing" Component
RAGFlow is an open-source RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) engine. In versions 0.24.0 and prior, a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in RAGFlow's Agent workflow Text Processing (StringTransform) and Message components. These compo…
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Critical 9.2
Zebra node crash — V5 transaction hash panic (P2P reachable)
ZEBRA is a Zcash node written entirely in Rust. Prior to zebrad version 4.3.0 and zebra-chain version 6.0.1, a vulnerability in Zebra's transaction processing logic allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to cause a Zebra node to panic (crash). This is trig…
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High 7.7
Giskard Agents have Server-side template injection via ChatWorkflow.chat() using non-sandboxed Jinja2 Environment
Giskard is an open-source Python library for testing and evaluating agentic systems. Prior to versions 0.3.4 and 1.0.2b1, ChatWorkflow.chat(message) passes its string argument directly as a Jinja2 template source to a non-sandboxed Environment. A developer wh…
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High 8.8
OpenOLAT: Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) in Velocity templates allows Remote Code Execution
OpenOlat is an open source web-based e-learning platform for teaching, learning, assessment and communication. Prior to versions 19.1.31, 20.1.18, and 20.2.5, an authenticated user with the Author role can inject Velocity directives into a reminder email temp…
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High 8.9
Zero-Click Indirect Prompt Injection and Authentication Bypass via Email Polling
nanobot is a personal AI assistant. Prior to version 0.1.6, an indirect prompt injection vulnerability exists in the email channel processing module (`nanobot/channels/email.py`), allowing a remote, unauthenticated attacker to execute arbitrary LLM instructio…
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Critical 10.0
Incus vulnerable to arbitrary file read and write through pongo templates
Incus is a system container and virtual machine manager. Prior to version 6.23.0, instance template files can be used to cause arbitrary read or writes as root on the host server. Incus allows for pongo2 templates within instances which can be used at various…
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High 7.5CVE-2026-33154 Public exploit
dynaconf Affected by Remote Code Execution (RCE) via Insecure Template Evaluation in @jinja Resolver
dynaconf is a configuration management tool for Python. Prior to version 3.2.13, Dynaconf is vulnerable to Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) due to unsafe template evaluation in the @Jinja resolver. When the jinja2 package is installed, Dynaconf evaluates…
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Medium 6.5
Uptime Kuma: SSTI in Notification Templates Allows Arbitrary File Read (Incomplete Fix for GHSA-vffh-c9pq-4crh)
Uptime Kuma is an open source, self-hosted monitoring tool. In versions 1.23.0 through 2.2.0, the fix from GHSA-vffh-c9pq-4crh doesn't fully work to preventServer-side Template Injection (SSTI). The three mitigations added to the Liquid engine (root, relative…
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High 8.5
RCE via SSTI for users with permissions to access the Craft CMS Webhooks plugin
Webhooks for Craft CMS plugin adds the ability to manage “webhooks” in Craft CMS, which will send GET or POST requests when certain events occur. From version 3.0.0 to before version 3.2.0, the Webhooks plugin renders user-supplied template content through Tw…
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Medium 6.8CVE-2026-31864 Public exploit
JumpServer has a Server-Side Template Injection Leading to RCE via YAML Rendering
JumpServer is an open source bastion host and an operation and maintenance security audit system. a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in JumpServer's Applet and VirtualApp upload functionality. This vulnerability can only be exploited…
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Medium 5.2
Beghelli Sicuro24 SicuroWeb AngularJS Template Injection
Beghelli Sicuro24 SicuroWeb contains a template injection vulnerability that allows attackers to inject arbitrary AngularJS expressions by exploiting improper rendering of untrusted input in AngularJS template contexts. Attackers can inject malicious expressi…
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Medium 6.3
1024-lab/lab1024 SmartAdmin FreeMarker Template MailService.java freemarkerResolverContent special elements used in a template engine
A flaw has been found in 1024-lab/lab1024 SmartAdmin up to 3.29. Affected by this issue is the function freemarkerResolverContent of the file sa-base/src/main/java/net/lab1024/sa/base/module/support/mail/MailService.java of the component FreeMarker Template H…
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Medium 4.7
OpenCart Incomplete Fix CVE-2024-36694 template.php save special elements used in a template engine
A vulnerability has been found in OpenCart 4.0.2.3. Affected by this issue is the function Save of the file admin/controller/design/template.php of the component Incomplete Fix CVE-2024-36694. Such manipulation leads to improper neutralization of special elem…
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High 8.6
Craft is affected by potential authenticated Remote Code Execution via Twig SSTI
Craft is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 5.8.22 and 4.16.18, it is possible to craft a malicious payload using the Twig map filter in text fields that accept Twig input under Settings in the Craft control panel or using the System Messages utility…
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Critical 9.4
Craft has a Twig Function Blocklist Bypass
Craft is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 5.9.0-beta.1 and 4.17.0-beta.1, Craft CMS implements a blocklist to prevent potentially dangerous PHP functions from being called via Twig non-Closure arrow functions. In order to be able to successfully ex…
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Critical 9.4
Craft Affected by Authenticated RCE via "craft.app.fs.write()" in Twig Templates
Craft is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 4.17.0-beta.1 and 5.9.0-beta.1, an authenticated administrator can achieve Remote Code Execution (RCE) by injecting a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) payload into Twig template fields (e.g., Email Tem…
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High 7.5CVE-2026-28695 Public exploit
Craft affected by authenticated RCE via Twig SSTI - create() function + Symfony Process gadget
Craft is a content management system (CMS). There is an authenticated admin RCE in Craft CMS 5.8.21 via Server-Side Template Injection using the create() Twig function combined with a Symfony Process gadget chain. The create() Twig function exposes Craft::cre…
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High 8.6
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine in Kibana Workflows Leading to Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine (CWE-1336) exists in Workflows in Kibana which could allow an attacker to read arbitrary files from the Kibana server filesystem, and perform Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) via Code Inj…
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High 8.8
Agenta's Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) via custom evaluator Jinja2 templates allows RCE
Agenta is an open-source LLMOps platform. A Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability exists in versions prior to 0.86.8 in Agenta's API server evaluator template rendering. Although the vulnerable code lives in the SDK package, it is executed serve…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2026-27641 Public exploit
Flask-Reuploaded vulnerable to Remote Code Execution via Server-Side Template Injection
Flask-Reuploaded provides file uploads for Flask. A critical path traversal and extension bypass vulnerability in versions prior to 1.5.0 allows remote attackers to achieve arbitrary file write and remote code execution through Server-Side Template Injection …
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Medium 5.9
InvenTree Vulnerable to Server Side Template Injection (SSTI)
InvenTree is an Open Source Inventory Management System. Prior to version 1.2.3, insecure server-side templates can be hijacked to expose secure information to the client. When generating custom batch codes, the InvenTree server makes use of a customizable ji…
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Medium 4.7
datapizza-labs datapizza-ai Jinja2 Template prompt.py ChatPromptTemplate special elements used in a template engine
A flaw has been found in datapizza-labs datapizza-ai 0.0.2. Affected is the function ChatPromptTemplate of the file datapizza-ai-core/datapizza/modules/prompt/prompt.py of the component Jinja2 Template Handler. This manipulation of the argument Prompt causes …
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High 7.7
Metabase: Server-Side Template Injection via Notifications Endpoint Leads to RCE
Metabase is an open-source data analytics platform. In versions prior to 0.57.13 and versions 0.58.x through 0.58.6, authenticated users are able to retrieve sensitive information from a Metabase instance, including database access credentials. During testing…
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Critical 9.9
Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine in GitLab AI Gateway
GitLab has remediated a vulnerability in the Duo Workflow Service component of GitLab AI Gateway affecting all versions of the AI Gateway from 18.1.6, 18.2.6, 18.3.1 to 18.6.1, 18.7.0, and 18.8.0 in which AI Gateway was vulnerable to insecure template expansi…
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High 7.8CVE-2026-25731 Public exploit
Calibre Affected by Arbitrary Code Execution via Server-Side Template Injection in Calibre HTML Export
calibre is an e-book manager. Prior to 9.2.0, a Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability in Calibre's Templite templating engine allows arbitrary code execution when a user converts an ebook using a malicious custom template file via the --template…
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Critical 9.8CVE-2026-25526 Public exploit
JinJava Bypass through ForTag leads to Arbitrary Java Execution
JinJava is a Java-based template engine based on django template syntax, adapted to render jinja templates. Prior to versions 2.7.6 and 2.8.3, JinJava is vulnerable to arbitrary Java execution via bypass through ForTag. This allows arbitrary Java class instan…
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High 8.8CVE-2025-69516 Public exploit
A Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability in the /reporting/templates/preview/ endpoint of Amidaware Tactic…